/*
 * Copyright (c) 1994, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 *
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 */

package java.lang;

import java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement;
import java.lang.reflect.Array;
import java.lang.reflect.GenericArrayType;
import java.lang.reflect.GenericDeclaration;
import java.lang.reflect.Member;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Executable;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.lang.reflect.TypeVariable;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedType;
import java.lang.ref.SoftReference;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.ObjectStreamField;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Objects;
import sun.misc.Unsafe;
import sun.reflect.CallerSensitive;
import sun.reflect.ConstantPool;
import sun.reflect.Reflection;
import sun.reflect.ReflectionFactory;
import sun.reflect.generics.factory.CoreReflectionFactory;
import sun.reflect.generics.factory.GenericsFactory;
import sun.reflect.generics.repository.ClassRepository;
import sun.reflect.generics.repository.MethodRepository;
import sun.reflect.generics.repository.ConstructorRepository;
import sun.reflect.generics.scope.ClassScope;
import sun.security.util.SecurityConstants;
import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
import sun.reflect.annotation.*;
import sun.reflect.misc.ReflectUtil;

/**
 * Instances of the class {@code Class} represent classes and
 * interfaces in a running Java application.  An enum is a kind of
 * class and an annotation is a kind of interface.  Every array also
 * belongs to a class that is reflected as a {@code Class} object
 * that is shared by all arrays with the same element type and number
 * of dimensions.  The primitive Java types ({@code boolean},
 * {@code byte}, {@code char}, {@code short},
 * {@code int}, {@code long}, {@code float}, and
 * {@code double}), and the keyword {@code void} are also
 * represented as {@code Class} objects.
 *
 * <p> {@code Class} has no public constructor. Instead {@code Class}
 * objects are constructed automatically by the Java Virtual Machine as classes
 * are loaded and by calls to the {@code defineClass} method in the class
 * loader.
 *
 * <p> The following example uses a {@code Class} object to print the
 * class name of an object:
 *
 * <blockquote><pre>
 *     void printClassName(Object obj) {
 *         System.out.println("The class of " + obj +
 *                            " is " + obj.getClass().getName());
 *     }
 * </pre></blockquote>
 *
 * <p> It is also possible to get the {@code Class} object for a named
 * type (or for void) using a class literal.  See Section 15.8.2 of
 * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>.
 * For example:
 *
 * <blockquote>
 * {@code System.out.println("The name of class Foo is: "+Foo.class.getName());}
 * </blockquote>
 *
 * @param <T> the type of the class modeled by this {@code Class} object.  For example, the type of
 * {@code String.class} is {@code Class<String>}.  Use {@code Class<?>} if the class being modeled
 * is unknown.
 * @author unascribed
 * @see java.lang.ClassLoader#defineClass(byte[], int, int)
 * @since JDK1.0
 */
public final class Class<T> implements java.io.Serializable,
    GenericDeclaration,
    Type,
    AnnotatedElement {

  private static final int ANNOTATION = 0x00002000;
  private static final int ENUM = 0x00004000;
  private static final int SYNTHETIC = 0x00001000;

  private static native void registerNatives();

  static {
    registerNatives();
  }

  /*
     * Private constructor. Only the Java Virtual Machine creates Class objects.
     * This constructor is not used and prevents the default constructor being
     * generated.
     */
  private Class(ClassLoader loader) {
    // Initialize final field for classLoader.  The initialization value of non-null
    // prevents future JIT optimizations from assuming this final field is null.
    classLoader = loader;
  }

  /**
   * Converts the object to a string. The string representation is the
   * string "class" or "interface", followed by a space, and then by the
   * fully qualified name of the class in the format returned by
   * {@code getName}.  If this {@code Class} object represents a
   * primitive type, this method returns the name of the primitive type.  If
   * this {@code Class} object represents void this method returns
   * "void".
   *
   * @return a string representation of this class object.
   */
  public String toString() {
    return (isInterface() ? "interface " : (isPrimitive() ? "" : "class "))
        + getName();
  }

  /**
   * Returns a string describing this {@code Class}, including
   * information about modifiers and type parameters.
   *
   * The string is formatted as a list of type modifiers, if any,
   * followed by the kind of type (empty string for primitive types
   * and {@code class}, {@code enum}, {@code interface}, or
   * <code>&#64;</code>{@code interface}, as appropriate), followed
   * by the type's name, followed by an angle-bracketed
   * comma-separated list of the type's type parameters, if any.
   *
   * A space is used to separate modifiers from one another and to
   * separate any modifiers from the kind of type. The modifiers
   * occur in canonical order. If there are no type parameters, the
   * type parameter list is elided.
   *
   * <p>Note that since information about the runtime representation
   * of a type is being generated, modifiers not present on the
   * originating source code or illegal on the originating source
   * code may be present.
   *
   * @return a string describing this {@code Class}, including information about modifiers and type
   * parameters
   * @since 1.8
   */
  public String toGenericString() {
    if (isPrimitive()) {
      return toString();
    } else {
      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

      // Class modifiers are a superset of interface modifiers
      int modifiers = getModifiers() & Modifier.classModifiers();
      if (modifiers != 0) {
        sb.append(Modifier.toString(modifiers));
        sb.append(' ');
      }

      if (isAnnotation()) {
        sb.append('@');
      }
      if (isInterface()) { // Note: all annotation types are interfaces
        sb.append("interface");
      } else {
        if (isEnum()) {
          sb.append("enum");
        } else {
          sb.append("class");
        }
      }
      sb.append(' ');
      sb.append(getName());

      TypeVariable<?>[] typeparms = getTypeParameters();
      if (typeparms.length > 0) {
        boolean first = true;
        sb.append('<');
        for (TypeVariable<?> typeparm : typeparms) {
          if (!first) {
            sb.append(',');
          }
          sb.append(typeparm.getTypeName());
          first = false;
        }
        sb.append('>');
      }

      return sb.toString();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the {@code Class} object associated with the class or
   * interface with the given string name.  Invoking this method is
   * equivalent to:
   *
   * <blockquote>
   * {@code Class.forName(className, true, currentLoader)}
   * </blockquote>
   *
   * where {@code currentLoader} denotes the defining class loader of
   * the current class.
   *
   * <p> For example, the following code fragment returns the
   * runtime {@code Class} descriptor for the class named
   * {@code java.lang.Thread}:
   *
   * <blockquote>
   * {@code Class t = Class.forName("java.lang.Thread")}
   * </blockquote>
   * <p>
   * A call to {@code forName("X")} causes the class named
   * {@code X} to be initialized.
   *
   * @param className the fully qualified name of the desired class.
   * @return the {@code Class} object for the class with the specified name.
   * @throws LinkageError if the linkage fails
   * @throws ExceptionInInitializerError if the initialization provoked by this method fails
   * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the class cannot be located
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public static Class<?> forName(String className)
      throws ClassNotFoundException {
    Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
    return forName0(className, true, ClassLoader.getClassLoader(caller), caller);
  }


  /**
   * Returns the {@code Class} object associated with the class or
   * interface with the given string name, using the given class loader.
   * Given the fully qualified name for a class or interface (in the same
   * format returned by {@code getName}) this method attempts to
   * locate, load, and link the class or interface.  The specified class
   * loader is used to load the class or interface.  If the parameter
   * {@code loader} is null, the class is loaded through the bootstrap
   * class loader.  The class is initialized only if the
   * {@code initialize} parameter is {@code true} and if it has
   * not been initialized earlier.
   *
   * <p> If {@code name} denotes a primitive type or void, an attempt
   * will be made to locate a user-defined class in the unnamed package whose
   * name is {@code name}. Therefore, this method cannot be used to
   * obtain any of the {@code Class} objects representing primitive
   * types or void.
   *
   * <p> If {@code name} denotes an array class, the component type of
   * the array class is loaded but not initialized.
   *
   * <p> For example, in an instance method the expression:
   *
   * <blockquote>
   * {@code Class.forName("Foo")}
   * </blockquote>
   *
   * is equivalent to:
   *
   * <blockquote>
   * {@code Class.forName("Foo", true, this.getClass().getClassLoader())}
   * </blockquote>
   *
   * Note that this method throws errors related to loading, linking or
   * initializing as specified in Sections 12.2, 12.3 and 12.4 of <em>The
   * Java Language Specification</em>.
   * Note that this method does not check whether the requested class
   * is accessible to its caller.
   *
   * <p> If the {@code loader} is {@code null}, and a security
   * manager is present, and the caller's class loader is not null, then this
   * method calls the security manager's {@code checkPermission} method
   * with a {@code RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")} permission to
   * ensure it's ok to access the bootstrap class loader.
   *
   * @param name fully qualified name of the desired class
   * @param initialize if {@code true} the class will be initialized. See Section 12.4 of <em>The
   * Java Language Specification</em>.
   * @param loader class loader from which the class must be loaded
   * @return class object representing the desired class
   * @throws LinkageError if the linkage fails
   * @throws ExceptionInInitializerError if the initialization provoked by this method fails
   * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the class cannot be located by the specified class loader
   * @see java.lang.Class#forName(String)
   * @see java.lang.ClassLoader
   * @since 1.2
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public static Class<?> forName(String name, boolean initialize,
      ClassLoader loader)
      throws ClassNotFoundException {
    Class<?> caller = null;
    SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
    if (sm != null) {
      // Reflective call to get caller class is only needed if a security manager
      // is present.  Avoid the overhead of making this call otherwise.
      caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
      if (sun.misc.VM.isSystemDomainLoader(loader)) {
        ClassLoader ccl = ClassLoader.getClassLoader(caller);
        if (!sun.misc.VM.isSystemDomainLoader(ccl)) {
          sm.checkPermission(
              SecurityConstants.GET_CLASSLOADER_PERMISSION);
        }
      }
    }
    return forName0(name, initialize, loader, caller);
  }

  /**
   * Called after security check for system loader access checks have been made.
   */
  private static native Class<?> forName0(String name, boolean initialize,
      ClassLoader loader,
      Class<?> caller)
      throws ClassNotFoundException;

  /**
   * Creates a new instance of the class represented by this {@code Class}
   * object.  The class is instantiated as if by a {@code new}
   * expression with an empty argument list.  The class is initialized if it
   * has not already been initialized.
   *
   * <p>Note that this method propagates any exception thrown by the
   * nullary constructor, including a checked exception.  Use of
   * this method effectively bypasses the compile-time exception
   * checking that would otherwise be performed by the compiler.
   * The {@link
   * java.lang.reflect.Constructor#newInstance(java.lang.Object...)
   * Constructor.newInstance} method avoids this problem by wrapping
   * any exception thrown by the constructor in a (checked) {@link
   * java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException}.
   *
   * @return a newly allocated instance of the class represented by this object.
   * @throws IllegalAccessException if the class or its nullary constructor is not accessible.
   * @throws InstantiationException if this {@code Class} represents an abstract class, an
   * interface, an array class, a primitive type, or void; or if the class has no nullary
   * constructor; or if the instantiation fails for some other reason.
   * @throws ExceptionInInitializerError if the initialization provoked by this method fails.
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and the caller's class
   * loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
   * invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access
   * to the package of this class.
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public T newInstance()
      throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException {
    if (System.getSecurityManager() != null) {
      checkMemberAccess(Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), false);
    }

    // NOTE: the following code may not be strictly correct under
    // the current Java memory model.

    // Constructor lookup
    if (cachedConstructor == null) {
      if (this == Class.class) {
        throw new IllegalAccessException(
            "Can not call newInstance() on the Class for java.lang.Class"
        );
      }
      try {
        Class<?>[] empty = {};
        final Constructor<T> c = getConstructor0(empty, Member.DECLARED);
        // Disable accessibility checks on the constructor
        // since we have to do the security check here anyway
        // (the stack depth is wrong for the Constructor's
        // security check to work)
        java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
            new java.security.PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
              public Void run() {
                c.setAccessible(true);
                return null;
              }
            });
        cachedConstructor = c;
      } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
        throw (InstantiationException)
            new InstantiationException(getName()).initCause(e);
      }
    }
    Constructor<T> tmpConstructor = cachedConstructor;
    // Security check (same as in java.lang.reflect.Constructor)
    int modifiers = tmpConstructor.getModifiers();
    if (!Reflection.quickCheckMemberAccess(this, modifiers)) {
      Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
      if (newInstanceCallerCache != caller) {
        Reflection.ensureMemberAccess(caller, this, null, modifiers);
        newInstanceCallerCache = caller;
      }
    }
    // Run constructor
    try {
      return tmpConstructor.newInstance((Object[]) null);
    } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
      Unsafe.getUnsafe().throwException(e.getTargetException());
      // Not reached
      return null;
    }
  }

  private volatile transient Constructor<T> cachedConstructor;
  private volatile transient Class<?> newInstanceCallerCache;


  /**
   * Determines if the specified {@code Object} is assignment-compatible
   * with the object represented by this {@code Class}.  This method is
   * the dynamic equivalent of the Java language {@code instanceof}
   * operator. The method returns {@code true} if the specified
   * {@code Object} argument is non-null and can be cast to the
   * reference type represented by this {@code Class} object without
   * raising a {@code ClassCastException.} It returns {@code false}
   * otherwise.
   *
   * <p> Specifically, if this {@code Class} object represents a
   * declared class, this method returns {@code true} if the specified
   * {@code Object} argument is an instance of the represented class (or
   * of any of its subclasses); it returns {@code false} otherwise. If
   * this {@code Class} object represents an array class, this method
   * returns {@code true} if the specified {@code Object} argument
   * can be converted to an object of the array class by an identity
   * conversion or by a widening reference conversion; it returns
   * {@code false} otherwise. If this {@code Class} object
   * represents an interface, this method returns {@code true} if the
   * class or any superclass of the specified {@code Object} argument
   * implements this interface; it returns {@code false} otherwise. If
   * this {@code Class} object represents a primitive type, this method
   * returns {@code false}.
   *
   * @param obj the object to check
   * @return true if {@code obj} is an instance of this class
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  public native boolean isInstance(Object obj);


  /**
   * Determines if the class or interface represented by this
   * {@code Class} object is either the same as, or is a superclass or
   * superinterface of, the class or interface represented by the specified
   * {@code Class} parameter. It returns {@code true} if so;
   * otherwise it returns {@code false}. If this {@code Class}
   * object represents a primitive type, this method returns
   * {@code true} if the specified {@code Class} parameter is
   * exactly this {@code Class} object; otherwise it returns
   * {@code false}.
   *
   * <p> Specifically, this method tests whether the type represented by the
   * specified {@code Class} parameter can be converted to the type
   * represented by this {@code Class} object via an identity conversion
   * or via a widening reference conversion. See <em>The Java Language
   * Specification</em>, sections 5.1.1 and 5.1.4 , for details.
   *
   * @param cls the {@code Class} object to be checked
   * @return the {@code boolean} value indicating whether objects of the type {@code cls} can be
   * assigned to objects of this class
   * @throws NullPointerException if the specified Class parameter is null.
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  public native boolean isAssignableFrom(Class<?> cls);


  /**
   * Determines if the specified {@code Class} object represents an
   * interface type.
   *
   * @return {@code true} if this object represents an interface; {@code false} otherwise.
   */
  public native boolean isInterface();


  /**
   * Determines if this {@code Class} object represents an array class.
   *
   * @return {@code true} if this object represents an array class; {@code false} otherwise.
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  public native boolean isArray();


  /**
   * Determines if the specified {@code Class} object represents a
   * primitive type.
   *
   * <p> There are nine predefined {@code Class} objects to represent
   * the eight primitive types and void.  These are created by the Java
   * Virtual Machine, and have the same names as the primitive types that
   * they represent, namely {@code boolean}, {@code byte},
   * {@code char}, {@code short}, {@code int},
   * {@code long}, {@code float}, and {@code double}.
   *
   * <p> These objects may only be accessed via the following public static
   * final variables, and are the only {@code Class} objects for which
   * this method returns {@code true}.
   *
   * @return true if and only if this class represents a primitive type
   * @see java.lang.Boolean#TYPE
   * @see java.lang.Character#TYPE
   * @see java.lang.Byte#TYPE
   * @see java.lang.Short#TYPE
   * @see java.lang.Integer#TYPE
   * @see java.lang.Long#TYPE
   * @see java.lang.Float#TYPE
   * @see java.lang.Double#TYPE
   * @see java.lang.Void#TYPE
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  public native boolean isPrimitive();

  /**
   * Returns true if this {@code Class} object represents an annotation
   * type.  Note that if this method returns true, {@link #isInterface()}
   * would also return true, as all annotation types are also interfaces.
   *
   * @return {@code true} if this class object represents an annotation type; {@code false}
   * otherwise
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public boolean isAnnotation() {
    return (getModifiers() & ANNOTATION) != 0;
  }

  /**
   * Returns {@code true} if this class is a synthetic class;
   * returns {@code false} otherwise.
   *
   * @return {@code true} if and only if this class is a synthetic class as defined by the Java
   * Language Specification.
   * @jls 13.1 The Form of a Binary
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public boolean isSynthetic() {
    return (getModifiers() & SYNTHETIC) != 0;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the  name of the entity (class, interface, array class,
   * primitive type, or void) represented by this {@code Class} object,
   * as a {@code String}.
   *
   * <p> If this class object represents a reference type that is not an
   * array type then the binary name of the class is returned, as specified
   * by
   * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>.
   *
   * <p> If this class object represents a primitive type or void, then the
   * name returned is a {@code String} equal to the Java language
   * keyword corresponding to the primitive type or void.
   *
   * <p> If this class object represents a class of arrays, then the internal
   * form of the name consists of the name of the element type preceded by
   * one or more '{@code [}' characters representing the depth of the array
   * nesting.  The encoding of element type names is as follows:
   *
   * <blockquote><table summary="Element types and encodings">
   * <tr><th> Element Type <th> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <th> Encoding
   * <tr><td> boolean      <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> Z
   * <tr><td> byte         <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> B
   * <tr><td> char         <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> C
   * <tr><td> class or interface
   * <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> L<i>classname</i>;
   * <tr><td> double       <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> D
   * <tr><td> float        <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> F
   * <tr><td> int          <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> I
   * <tr><td> long         <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> J
   * <tr><td> short        <td> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <td align=center> S
   * </table></blockquote>
   *
   * <p> The class or interface name <i>classname</i> is the binary name of
   * the class specified above.
   *
   * <p> Examples:
   * <blockquote><pre>
   * String.class.getName()
   *     returns "java.lang.String"
   * byte.class.getName()
   *     returns "byte"
   * (new Object[3]).getClass().getName()
   *     returns "[Ljava.lang.Object;"
   * (new int[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]).getClass().getName()
   *     returns "[[[[[[[I"
   * </pre></blockquote>
   *
   * @return the name of the class or interface represented by this object.
   */
  public String getName() {
    String name = this.name;
    if (name == null) {
      this.name = name = getName0();
    }
    return name;
  }

  // cache the name to reduce the number of calls into the VM
  private transient String name;

  private native String getName0();

  /**
   * Returns the class loader for the class.  Some implementations may use
   * null to represent the bootstrap class loader. This method will return
   * null in such implementations if this class was loaded by the bootstrap
   * class loader.
   *
   * <p> If a security manager is present, and the caller's class loader is
   * not null and the caller's class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of
   * the class loader for the class whose class loader is requested, then
   * this method calls the security manager's {@code checkPermission}
   * method with a {@code RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")}
   * permission to ensure it's ok to access the class loader for the class.
   *
   * <p>If this object
   * represents a primitive type or void, null is returned.
   *
   * @return the class loader that loaded the class or interface represented by this object.
   * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and its {@code checkPermission} method
   * denies access to the class loader for the class.
   * @see java.lang.ClassLoader
   * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
   * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public ClassLoader getClassLoader() {
    ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
    if (cl == null) {
      return null;
    }
    SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
    if (sm != null) {
      ClassLoader.checkClassLoaderPermission(cl, Reflection.getCallerClass());
    }
    return cl;
  }

  // Package-private to allow ClassLoader access
  ClassLoader getClassLoader0() {
    return classLoader;
  }

  // Initialized in JVM not by private constructor
  // This field is filtered from reflection access, i.e. getDeclaredField
  // will throw NoSuchFieldException
  private final ClassLoader classLoader;

  /**
   * Returns an array of {@code TypeVariable} objects that represent the
   * type variables declared by the generic declaration represented by this
   * {@code GenericDeclaration} object, in declaration order.  Returns an
   * array of length 0 if the underlying generic declaration declares no type
   * variables.
   *
   * @return an array of {@code TypeVariable} objects that represent the type variables declared by
   * this generic declaration
   * @throws java.lang.reflect.GenericSignatureFormatError if the generic signature of this generic
   * declaration does not conform to the format specified in <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine
   * Specification</cite>
   * @since 1.5
   */
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  public TypeVariable<Class<T>>[] getTypeParameters() {
    ClassRepository info = getGenericInfo();
    if (info != null) {
      return (TypeVariable<Class<T>>[]) info.getTypeParameters();
    } else {
      return (TypeVariable<Class<T>>[]) new TypeVariable<?>[0];
    }
  }


  /**
   * Returns the {@code Class} representing the superclass of the entity
   * (class, interface, primitive type or void) represented by this
   * {@code Class}.  If this {@code Class} represents either the
   * {@code Object} class, an interface, a primitive type, or void, then
   * null is returned.  If this object represents an array class then the
   * {@code Class} object representing the {@code Object} class is
   * returned.
   *
   * @return the superclass of the class represented by this object.
   */
  public native Class<? super T> getSuperclass();


  /**
   * Returns the {@code Type} representing the direct superclass of
   * the entity (class, interface, primitive type or void) represented by
   * this {@code Class}.
   *
   * <p>If the superclass is a parameterized type, the {@code Type}
   * object returned must accurately reflect the actual type
   * parameters used in the source code. The parameterized type
   * representing the superclass is created if it had not been
   * created before. See the declaration of {@link
   * java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType ParameterizedType} for the
   * semantics of the creation process for parameterized types.  If
   * this {@code Class} represents either the {@code Object}
   * class, an interface, a primitive type, or void, then null is
   * returned.  If this object represents an array class then the
   * {@code Class} object representing the {@code Object} class is
   * returned.
   *
   * @return the superclass of the class represented by this object
   * @throws java.lang.reflect.GenericSignatureFormatError if the generic class signature does not
   * conform to the format specified in <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>
   * @throws TypeNotPresentException if the generic superclass refers to a non-existent type
   * declaration
   * @throws java.lang.reflect.MalformedParameterizedTypeException if the generic superclass refers
   * to a parameterized type that cannot be instantiated  for any reason
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public Type getGenericSuperclass() {
    ClassRepository info = getGenericInfo();
    if (info == null) {
      return getSuperclass();
    }

    // Historical irregularity:
    // Generic signature marks interfaces with superclass = Object
    // but this API returns null for interfaces
    if (isInterface()) {
      return null;
    }

    return info.getSuperclass();
  }

  /**
   * Gets the package for this class.  The class loader of this class is used
   * to find the package.  If the class was loaded by the bootstrap class
   * loader the set of packages loaded from CLASSPATH is searched to find the
   * package of the class. Null is returned if no package object was created
   * by the class loader of this class.
   *
   * <p> Packages have attributes for versions and specifications only if the
   * information was defined in the manifests that accompany the classes, and
   * if the class loader created the package instance with the attributes
   * from the manifest.
   *
   * @return the package of the class, or null if no package information is available from the
   * archive or codebase.
   */
  public Package getPackage() {
    return Package.getPackage(this);
  }


  /**
   * Determines the interfaces implemented by the class or interface
   * represented by this object.
   *
   * <p> If this object represents a class, the return value is an array
   * containing objects representing all interfaces implemented by the
   * class. The order of the interface objects in the array corresponds to
   * the order of the interface names in the {@code implements} clause
   * of the declaration of the class represented by this object. For
   * example, given the declaration:
   * <blockquote>
   * {@code class Shimmer implements FloorWax, DessertTopping { ... }}
   * </blockquote>
   * suppose the value of {@code s} is an instance of
   * {@code Shimmer}; the value of the expression:
   * <blockquote>
   * {@code s.getClass().getInterfaces()[0]}
   * </blockquote>
   * is the {@code Class} object that represents interface
   * {@code FloorWax}; and the value of:
   * <blockquote>
   * {@code s.getClass().getInterfaces()[1]}
   * </blockquote>
   * is the {@code Class} object that represents interface
   * {@code DessertTopping}.
   *
   * <p> If this object represents an interface, the array contains objects
   * representing all interfaces extended by the interface. The order of the
   * interface objects in the array corresponds to the order of the interface
   * names in the {@code extends} clause of the declaration of the
   * interface represented by this object.
   *
   * <p> If this object represents a class or interface that implements no
   * interfaces, the method returns an array of length 0.
   *
   * <p> If this object represents a primitive type or void, the method
   * returns an array of length 0.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, the
   * interfaces {@code Cloneable} and {@code java.io.Serializable} are
   * returned in that order.
   *
   * @return an array of interfaces implemented by this class.
   */
  public Class<?>[] getInterfaces() {
    ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
    if (rd == null) {
      // no cloning required
      return getInterfaces0();
    } else {
      Class<?>[] interfaces = rd.interfaces;
      if (interfaces == null) {
        interfaces = getInterfaces0();
        rd.interfaces = interfaces;
      }
      // defensively copy before handing over to user code
      return interfaces.clone();
    }
  }

  private native Class<?>[] getInterfaces0();

  /**
   * Returns the {@code Type}s representing the interfaces
   * directly implemented by the class or interface represented by
   * this object.
   *
   * <p>If a superinterface is a parameterized type, the
   * {@code Type} object returned for it must accurately reflect
   * the actual type parameters used in the source code. The
   * parameterized type representing each superinterface is created
   * if it had not been created before. See the declaration of
   * {@link java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType ParameterizedType}
   * for the semantics of the creation process for parameterized
   * types.
   *
   * <p> If this object represents a class, the return value is an
   * array containing objects representing all interfaces
   * implemented by the class. The order of the interface objects in
   * the array corresponds to the order of the interface names in
   * the {@code implements} clause of the declaration of the class
   * represented by this object.  In the case of an array class, the
   * interfaces {@code Cloneable} and {@code Serializable} are
   * returned in that order.
   *
   * <p>If this object represents an interface, the array contains
   * objects representing all interfaces directly extended by the
   * interface.  The order of the interface objects in the array
   * corresponds to the order of the interface names in the
   * {@code extends} clause of the declaration of the interface
   * represented by this object.
   *
   * <p>If this object represents a class or interface that
   * implements no interfaces, the method returns an array of length
   * 0.
   *
   * <p>If this object represents a primitive type or void, the
   * method returns an array of length 0.
   *
   * @return an array of interfaces implemented by this class
   * @throws java.lang.reflect.GenericSignatureFormatError if the generic class signature does not
   * conform to the format specified in <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>
   * @throws TypeNotPresentException if any of the generic superinterfaces refers to a non-existent
   * type declaration
   * @throws java.lang.reflect.MalformedParameterizedTypeException if any of the generic
   * superinterfaces refer to a parameterized type that cannot be instantiated for any reason
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public Type[] getGenericInterfaces() {
    ClassRepository info = getGenericInfo();
    return (info == null) ? getInterfaces() : info.getSuperInterfaces();
  }


  /**
   * Returns the {@code Class} representing the component type of an
   * array.  If this class does not represent an array class this method
   * returns null.
   *
   * @return the {@code Class} representing the component type of this class if this class is an
   * array
   * @see java.lang.reflect.Array
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  public native Class<?> getComponentType();


  /**
   * Returns the Java language modifiers for this class or interface, encoded
   * in an integer. The modifiers consist of the Java Virtual Machine's
   * constants for {@code public}, {@code protected},
   * {@code private}, {@code final}, {@code static},
   * {@code abstract} and {@code interface}; they should be decoded
   * using the methods of class {@code Modifier}.
   *
   * <p> If the underlying class is an array class, then its
   * {@code public}, {@code private} and {@code protected}
   * modifiers are the same as those of its component type.  If this
   * {@code Class} represents a primitive type or void, its
   * {@code public} modifier is always {@code true}, and its
   * {@code protected} and {@code private} modifiers are always
   * {@code false}. If this object represents an array class, a
   * primitive type or void, then its {@code final} modifier is always
   * {@code true} and its interface modifier is always
   * {@code false}. The values of its other modifiers are not determined
   * by this specification.
   *
   * <p> The modifier encodings are defined in <em>The Java Virtual Machine
   * Specification</em>, table 4.1.
   *
   * @return the {@code int} representing the modifiers for this class
   * @see java.lang.reflect.Modifier
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  public native int getModifiers();


  /**
   * Gets the signers of this class.
   *
   * @return the signers of this class, or null if there are no signers.  In particular, this method
   * returns null if this object represents a primitive type or void.
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  public native Object[] getSigners();


  /**
   * Set the signers of this class.
   */
  native void setSigners(Object[] signers);


  /**
   * If this {@code Class} object represents a local or anonymous
   * class within a method, returns a {@link
   * java.lang.reflect.Method Method} object representing the
   * immediately enclosing method of the underlying class. Returns
   * {@code null} otherwise.
   *
   * In particular, this method returns {@code null} if the underlying
   * class is a local or anonymous class immediately enclosed by a type
   * declaration, instance initializer or static initializer.
   *
   * @return the immediately enclosing method of the underlying class, if that class is a local or
   * anonymous class; otherwise {@code null}.
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the following
   * conditions is met:
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the class loader of the enclosing class and
   * invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission s.checkPermission} method with {@code
   * RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")} denies access to the methods within the enclosing
   * class
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the
   * enclosing class and invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
   * s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package of the enclosing class
   *
   * </ul>
   * @since 1.5
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Method getEnclosingMethod() throws SecurityException {
    EnclosingMethodInfo enclosingInfo = getEnclosingMethodInfo();

    if (enclosingInfo == null) {
      return null;
    } else {
      if (!enclosingInfo.isMethod()) {
        return null;
      }

      MethodRepository typeInfo = MethodRepository.make(enclosingInfo.getDescriptor(),
          getFactory());
      Class<?> returnType = toClass(typeInfo.getReturnType());
      Type[] parameterTypes = typeInfo.getParameterTypes();
      Class<?>[] parameterClasses = new Class<?>[parameterTypes.length];

      // Convert Types to Classes; returned types *should*
      // be class objects since the methodDescriptor's used
      // don't have generics information
      for (int i = 0; i < parameterClasses.length; i++) {
        parameterClasses[i] = toClass(parameterTypes[i]);
      }

      // Perform access check
      Class<?> enclosingCandidate = enclosingInfo.getEnclosingClass();
      enclosingCandidate.checkMemberAccess(Member.DECLARED,
          Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
            /*
             * Loop over all declared methods; match method name,
             * number of and type of parameters, *and* return
             * type.  Matching return type is also necessary
             * because of covariant returns, etc.
             */
      for (Method m : enclosingCandidate.getDeclaredMethods()) {
        if (m.getName().equals(enclosingInfo.getName())) {
          Class<?>[] candidateParamClasses = m.getParameterTypes();
          if (candidateParamClasses.length == parameterClasses.length) {
            boolean matches = true;
            for (int i = 0; i < candidateParamClasses.length; i++) {
              if (!candidateParamClasses[i].equals(parameterClasses[i])) {
                matches = false;
                break;
              }
            }

            if (matches) { // finally, check return type
              if (m.getReturnType().equals(returnType)) {
                return m;
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }

      throw new InternalError("Enclosing method not found");
    }
  }

  private native Object[] getEnclosingMethod0();

  private EnclosingMethodInfo getEnclosingMethodInfo() {
    Object[] enclosingInfo = getEnclosingMethod0();
    if (enclosingInfo == null) {
      return null;
    } else {
      return new EnclosingMethodInfo(enclosingInfo);
    }
  }

  private final static class EnclosingMethodInfo {

    private Class<?> enclosingClass;
    private String name;
    private String descriptor;

    private EnclosingMethodInfo(Object[] enclosingInfo) {
      if (enclosingInfo.length != 3) {
        throw new InternalError("Malformed enclosing method information");
      }
      try {
        // The array is expected to have three elements:

        // the immediately enclosing class
        enclosingClass = (Class<?>) enclosingInfo[0];
        assert (enclosingClass != null);

        // the immediately enclosing method or constructor's
        // name (can be null).
        name = (String) enclosingInfo[1];

        // the immediately enclosing method or constructor's
        // descriptor (null iff name is).
        descriptor = (String) enclosingInfo[2];
        assert ((name != null && descriptor != null) || name == descriptor);
      } catch (ClassCastException cce) {
        throw new InternalError("Invalid type in enclosing method information", cce);
      }
    }

    boolean isPartial() {
      return enclosingClass == null || name == null || descriptor == null;
    }

    boolean isConstructor() {
      return !isPartial() && "<init>".equals(name);
    }

    boolean isMethod() {
      return !isPartial() && !isConstructor() && !"<clinit>".equals(name);
    }

    Class<?> getEnclosingClass() {
      return enclosingClass;
    }

    String getName() {
      return name;
    }

    String getDescriptor() {
      return descriptor;
    }

  }

  private static Class<?> toClass(Type o) {
    if (o instanceof GenericArrayType) {
      return Array.newInstance(toClass(((GenericArrayType) o).getGenericComponentType()),
          0)
          .getClass();
    }
    return (Class<?>) o;
  }

  /**
   * If this {@code Class} object represents a local or anonymous
   * class within a constructor, returns a {@link
   * java.lang.reflect.Constructor Constructor} object representing
   * the immediately enclosing constructor of the underlying
   * class. Returns {@code null} otherwise.  In particular, this
   * method returns {@code null} if the underlying class is a local
   * or anonymous class immediately enclosed by a type declaration,
   * instance initializer or static initializer.
   *
   * @return the immediately enclosing constructor of the underlying class, if that class is a local
   * or anonymous class; otherwise {@code null}.
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the following
   * conditions is met:
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the class loader of the enclosing class and
   * invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission s.checkPermission} method with {@code
   * RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")} denies access to the constructors within the
   * enclosing class
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the
   * enclosing class and invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
   * s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package of the enclosing class
   *
   * </ul>
   * @since 1.5
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Constructor<?> getEnclosingConstructor() throws SecurityException {
    EnclosingMethodInfo enclosingInfo = getEnclosingMethodInfo();

    if (enclosingInfo == null) {
      return null;
    } else {
      if (!enclosingInfo.isConstructor()) {
        return null;
      }

      ConstructorRepository typeInfo = ConstructorRepository.make(enclosingInfo.getDescriptor(),
          getFactory());
      Type[] parameterTypes = typeInfo.getParameterTypes();
      Class<?>[] parameterClasses = new Class<?>[parameterTypes.length];

      // Convert Types to Classes; returned types *should*
      // be class objects since the methodDescriptor's used
      // don't have generics information
      for (int i = 0; i < parameterClasses.length; i++) {
        parameterClasses[i] = toClass(parameterTypes[i]);
      }

      // Perform access check
      Class<?> enclosingCandidate = enclosingInfo.getEnclosingClass();
      enclosingCandidate.checkMemberAccess(Member.DECLARED,
          Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
            /*
             * Loop over all declared constructors; match number
             * of and type of parameters.
             */
      for (Constructor<?> c : enclosingCandidate.getDeclaredConstructors()) {
        Class<?>[] candidateParamClasses = c.getParameterTypes();
        if (candidateParamClasses.length == parameterClasses.length) {
          boolean matches = true;
          for (int i = 0; i < candidateParamClasses.length; i++) {
            if (!candidateParamClasses[i].equals(parameterClasses[i])) {
              matches = false;
              break;
            }
          }

          if (matches) {
            return c;
          }
        }
      }

      throw new InternalError("Enclosing constructor not found");
    }
  }


  /**
   * If the class or interface represented by this {@code Class} object
   * is a member of another class, returns the {@code Class} object
   * representing the class in which it was declared.  This method returns
   * null if this class or interface is not a member of any other class.  If
   * this {@code Class} object represents an array class, a primitive
   * type, or void,then this method returns null.
   *
   * @return the declaring class for this class
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and the caller's class
   * loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the declaring class and
   * invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access
   * to the package of the declaring class
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Class<?> getDeclaringClass() throws SecurityException {
    final Class<?> candidate = getDeclaringClass0();

    if (candidate != null) {
      candidate.checkPackageAccess(
          ClassLoader.getClassLoader(Reflection.getCallerClass()), true);
    }
    return candidate;
  }

  private native Class<?> getDeclaringClass0();


  /**
   * Returns the immediately enclosing class of the underlying
   * class.  If the underlying class is a top level class this
   * method returns {@code null}.
   *
   * @return the immediately enclosing class of the underlying class
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and the caller's class
   * loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the enclosing class and
   * invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access
   * to the package of the enclosing class
   * @since 1.5
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Class<?> getEnclosingClass() throws SecurityException {
    // There are five kinds of classes (or interfaces):
    // a) Top level classes
    // b) Nested classes (static member classes)
    // c) Inner classes (non-static member classes)
    // d) Local classes (named classes declared within a method)
    // e) Anonymous classes

    // JVM Spec 4.8.6: A class must have an EnclosingMethod
    // attribute if and only if it is a local class or an
    // anonymous class.
    EnclosingMethodInfo enclosingInfo = getEnclosingMethodInfo();
    Class<?> enclosingCandidate;

    if (enclosingInfo == null) {
      // This is a top level or a nested class or an inner class (a, b, or c)
      enclosingCandidate = getDeclaringClass();
    } else {
      Class<?> enclosingClass = enclosingInfo.getEnclosingClass();
      // This is a local class or an anonymous class (d or e)
      if (enclosingClass == this || enclosingClass == null) {
        throw new InternalError("Malformed enclosing method information");
      } else {
        enclosingCandidate = enclosingClass;
      }
    }

    if (enclosingCandidate != null) {
      enclosingCandidate.checkPackageAccess(
          ClassLoader.getClassLoader(Reflection.getCallerClass()), true);
    }
    return enclosingCandidate;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the simple name of the underlying class as given in the
   * source code. Returns an empty string if the underlying class is
   * anonymous.
   *
   * <p>The simple name of an array is the simple name of the
   * component type with "[]" appended.  In particular the simple
   * name of an array whose component type is anonymous is "[]".
   *
   * @return the simple name of the underlying class
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public String getSimpleName() {
    if (isArray()) {
      return getComponentType().getSimpleName() + "[]";
    }

    String simpleName = getSimpleBinaryName();
    if (simpleName == null) { // top level class
      simpleName = getName();
      return simpleName.substring(simpleName.lastIndexOf(".") + 1); // strip the package name
    }
    // According to JLS3 "Binary Compatibility" (13.1) the binary
    // name of non-package classes (not top level) is the binary
    // name of the immediately enclosing class followed by a '$' followed by:
    // (for nested and inner classes): the simple name.
    // (for local classes): 1 or more digits followed by the simple name.
    // (for anonymous classes): 1 or more digits.

    // Since getSimpleBinaryName() will strip the binary name of
    // the immediatly enclosing class, we are now looking at a
    // string that matches the regular expression "\$[0-9]*"
    // followed by a simple name (considering the simple of an
    // anonymous class to be the empty string).

    // Remove leading "\$[0-9]*" from the name
    int length = simpleName.length();
    if (length < 1 || simpleName.charAt(0) != '$') {
      throw new InternalError("Malformed class name");
    }
    int index = 1;
    while (index < length && isAsciiDigit(simpleName.charAt(index))) {
      index++;
    }
    // Eventually, this is the empty string iff this is an anonymous class
    return simpleName.substring(index);
  }

  /**
   * Return an informative string for the name of this type.
   *
   * @return an informative string for the name of this type
   * @since 1.8
   */
  public String getTypeName() {
    if (isArray()) {
      try {
        Class<?> cl = this;
        int dimensions = 0;
        while (cl.isArray()) {
          dimensions++;
          cl = cl.getComponentType();
        }
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        sb.append(cl.getName());
        for (int i = 0; i < dimensions; i++) {
          sb.append("[]");
        }
        return sb.toString();
      } catch (Throwable e) { /*FALLTHRU*/ }
    }
    return getName();
  }

  /**
   * Character.isDigit answers {@code true} to some non-ascii
   * digits.  This one does not.
   */
  private static boolean isAsciiDigit(char c) {
    return '0' <= c && c <= '9';
  }

  /**
   * Returns the canonical name of the underlying class as
   * defined by the Java Language Specification.  Returns null if
   * the underlying class does not have a canonical name (i.e., if
   * it is a local or anonymous class or an array whose component
   * type does not have a canonical name).
   *
   * @return the canonical name of the underlying class if it exists, and {@code null} otherwise.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public String getCanonicalName() {
    if (isArray()) {
      String canonicalName = getComponentType().getCanonicalName();
      if (canonicalName != null) {
        return canonicalName + "[]";
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }
    if (isLocalOrAnonymousClass()) {
      return null;
    }
    Class<?> enclosingClass = getEnclosingClass();
    if (enclosingClass == null) { // top level class
      return getName();
    } else {
      String enclosingName = enclosingClass.getCanonicalName();
      if (enclosingName == null) {
        return null;
      }
      return enclosingName + "." + getSimpleName();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns {@code true} if and only if the underlying class
   * is an anonymous class.
   *
   * @return {@code true} if and only if this class is an anonymous class.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public boolean isAnonymousClass() {
    return "".equals(getSimpleName());
  }

  /**
   * Returns {@code true} if and only if the underlying class
   * is a local class.
   *
   * @return {@code true} if and only if this class is a local class.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public boolean isLocalClass() {
    return isLocalOrAnonymousClass() && !isAnonymousClass();
  }

  /**
   * Returns {@code true} if and only if the underlying class
   * is a member class.
   *
   * @return {@code true} if and only if this class is a member class.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public boolean isMemberClass() {
    return getSimpleBinaryName() != null && !isLocalOrAnonymousClass();
  }

  /**
   * Returns the "simple binary name" of the underlying class, i.e.,
   * the binary name without the leading enclosing class name.
   * Returns {@code null} if the underlying class is a top level
   * class.
   */
  private String getSimpleBinaryName() {
    Class<?> enclosingClass = getEnclosingClass();
    if (enclosingClass == null) // top level class
    {
      return null;
    }
    // Otherwise, strip the enclosing class' name
    try {
      return getName().substring(enclosingClass.getName().length());
    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
      throw new InternalError("Malformed class name", ex);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns {@code true} if this is a local class or an anonymous
   * class.  Returns {@code false} otherwise.
   */
  private boolean isLocalOrAnonymousClass() {
    // JVM Spec 4.8.6: A class must have an EnclosingMethod
    // attribute if and only if it is a local class or an
    // anonymous class.
    return getEnclosingMethodInfo() != null;
  }

  /**
   * Returns an array containing {@code Class} objects representing all
   * the public classes and interfaces that are members of the class
   * represented by this {@code Class} object.  This includes public
   * class and interface members inherited from superclasses and public class
   * and interface members declared by the class.  This method returns an
   * array of length 0 if this {@code Class} object has no public member
   * classes or interfaces.  This method also returns an array of length 0 if
   * this {@code Class} object represents a primitive type, an array
   * class, or void.
   *
   * @return the array of {@code Class} objects representing the public members of this class
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and the caller's class
   * loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
   * invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access
   * to the package of this class.
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Class<?>[] getClasses() {
    checkMemberAccess(Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), false);

    // Privileged so this implementation can look at DECLARED classes,
    // something the caller might not have privilege to do.  The code here
    // is allowed to look at DECLARED classes because (1) it does not hand
    // out anything other than public members and (2) public member access
    // has already been ok'd by the SecurityManager.

    return java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
        new java.security.PrivilegedAction<Class<?>[]>() {
          public Class<?>[] run() {
            List<Class<?>> list = new ArrayList<>();
            Class<?> currentClass = Class.this;
            while (currentClass != null) {
              Class<?>[] members = currentClass.getDeclaredClasses();
              for (int i = 0; i < members.length; i++) {
                if (Modifier.isPublic(members[i].getModifiers())) {
                  list.add(members[i]);
                }
              }
              currentClass = currentClass.getSuperclass();
            }
            return list.toArray(new Class<?>[0]);
          }
        });
  }


  /**
   * Returns an array containing {@code Field} objects reflecting all
   * the accessible public fields of the class or interface represented by
   * this {@code Class} object.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class or interface with no
   * no accessible public fields, then this method returns an array of length
   * 0.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class, then this method
   * returns the public fields of the class and of all its superclasses.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an interface, then this
   * method returns the fields of the interface and of all its
   * superinterfaces.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, a primitive
   * type, or void, then this method returns an array of length 0.
   *
   * <p> The elements in the returned array are not sorted and are not in any
   * particular order.
   *
   * @return the array of {@code Field} objects representing the public fields
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and the caller's class
   * loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
   * invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access
   * to the package of this class.
   * @jls 8.2 Class Members
   * @jls 8.3 Field Declarations
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Field[] getFields() throws SecurityException {
    checkMemberAccess(Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
    return copyFields(privateGetPublicFields(null));
  }


  /**
   * Returns an array containing {@code Method} objects reflecting all the
   * public methods of the class or interface represented by this {@code
   * Class} object, including those declared by the class or interface and
   * those inherited from superclasses and superinterfaces.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a type that has multiple
   * public methods with the same name and parameter types, but different
   * return types, then the returned array has a {@code Method} object for
   * each such method.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a type with a class
   * initialization method {@code <clinit>}, then the returned array does
   * <em>not</em> have a corresponding {@code Method} object.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, then the
   * returned array has a {@code Method} object for each of the public
   * methods inherited by the array type from {@code Object}. It does not
   * contain a {@code Method} object for {@code clone()}.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an interface then the
   * returned array does not contain any implicitly declared methods from
   * {@code Object}. Therefore, if no methods are explicitly declared in
   * this interface or any of its superinterfaces then the returned array
   * has length 0. (Note that a {@code Class} object which represents a class
   * always has public methods, inherited from {@code Object}.)
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a primitive type or void,
   * then the returned array has length 0.
   *
   * <p> Static methods declared in superinterfaces of the class or interface
   * represented by this {@code Class} object are not considered members of
   * the class or interface.
   *
   * <p> The elements in the returned array are not sorted and are not in any
   * particular order.
   *
   * @return the array of {@code Method} objects representing the public methods of this class
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and the caller's class
   * loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
   * invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access
   * to the package of this class.
   * @jls 8.2 Class Members
   * @jls 8.4 Method Declarations
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Method[] getMethods() throws SecurityException {
    checkMemberAccess(Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
    return copyMethods(privateGetPublicMethods());
  }


  /**
   * Returns an array containing {@code Constructor} objects reflecting
   * all the public constructors of the class represented by this
   * {@code Class} object.  An array of length 0 is returned if the
   * class has no public constructors, or if the class is an array class, or
   * if the class reflects a primitive type or void.
   *
   * Note that while this method returns an array of {@code
   * Constructor<T>} objects (that is an array of constructors from
   * this class), the return type of this method is {@code
   * Constructor<?>[]} and <em>not</em> {@code Constructor<T>[]} as
   * might be expected.  This less informative return type is
   * necessary since after being returned from this method, the
   * array could be modified to hold {@code Constructor} objects for
   * different classes, which would violate the type guarantees of
   * {@code Constructor<T>[]}.
   *
   * @return the array of {@code Constructor} objects representing the public constructors of this
   * class
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and the caller's class
   * loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
   * invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access
   * to the package of this class.
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Constructor<?>[] getConstructors() throws SecurityException {
    checkMemberAccess(Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
    return copyConstructors(privateGetDeclaredConstructors(true));
  }


  /**
   * Returns a {@code Field} object that reflects the specified public member
   * field of the class or interface represented by this {@code Class}
   * object. The {@code name} parameter is a {@code String} specifying the
   * simple name of the desired field.
   *
   * <p> The field to be reflected is determined by the algorithm that
   * follows.  Let C be the class or interface represented by this object:
   *
   * <OL>
   * <LI> If C declares a public field with the name specified, that is the
   * field to be reflected.</LI>
   * <LI> If no field was found in step 1 above, this algorithm is applied
   * recursively to each direct superinterface of C. The direct
   * superinterfaces are searched in the order they were declared.</LI>
   * <LI> If no field was found in steps 1 and 2 above, and C has a
   * superclass S, then this algorithm is invoked recursively upon S.
   * If C has no superclass, then a {@code NoSuchFieldException}
   * is thrown.</LI>
   * </OL>
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, then this
   * method does not find the {@code length} field of the array type.
   *
   * @param name the field name
   * @return the {@code Field} object of this class specified by {@code name}
   * @throws NoSuchFieldException if a field with the specified name is not found.
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and the caller's class
   * loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
   * invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access
   * to the package of this class.
   * @jls 8.2 Class Members
   * @jls 8.3 Field Declarations
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Field getField(String name)
      throws NoSuchFieldException, SecurityException {
    checkMemberAccess(Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
    Field field = getField0(name);
    if (field == null) {
      throw new NoSuchFieldException(name);
    }
    return field;
  }


  /**
   * Returns a {@code Method} object that reflects the specified public
   * member method of the class or interface represented by this
   * {@code Class} object. The {@code name} parameter is a
   * {@code String} specifying the simple name of the desired method. The
   * {@code parameterTypes} parameter is an array of {@code Class}
   * objects that identify the method's formal parameter types, in declared
   * order. If {@code parameterTypes} is {@code null}, it is
   * treated as if it were an empty array.
   *
   * <p> If the {@code name} is "{@code <init>}" or "{@code <clinit>}" a
   * {@code NoSuchMethodException} is raised. Otherwise, the method to
   * be reflected is determined by the algorithm that follows.  Let C be the
   * class or interface represented by this object:
   * <OL>
   * <LI> C is searched for a <I>matching method</I>, as defined below. If a
   * matching method is found, it is reflected.</LI>
   * <LI> If no matching method is found by step 1 then:
   * <OL TYPE="a">
   * <LI> If C is a class other than {@code Object}, then this algorithm is
   * invoked recursively on the superclass of C.</LI>
   * <LI> If C is the class {@code Object}, or if C is an interface, then
   * the superinterfaces of C (if any) are searched for a matching
   * method. If any such method is found, it is reflected.</LI>
   * </OL></LI>
   * </OL>
   *
   * <p> To find a matching method in a class or interface C:&nbsp; If C
   * declares exactly one public method with the specified name and exactly
   * the same formal parameter types, that is the method reflected. If more
   * than one such method is found in C, and one of these methods has a
   * return type that is more specific than any of the others, that method is
   * reflected; otherwise one of the methods is chosen arbitrarily.
   *
   * <p>Note that there may be more than one matching method in a
   * class because while the Java language forbids a class to
   * declare multiple methods with the same signature but different
   * return types, the Java virtual machine does not.  This
   * increased flexibility in the virtual machine can be used to
   * implement various language features.  For example, covariant
   * returns can be implemented with {@linkplain
   * java.lang.reflect.Method#isBridge bridge methods}; the bridge
   * method and the method being overridden would have the same
   * signature but different return types.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, then this
   * method does not find the {@code clone()} method.
   *
   * <p> Static methods declared in superinterfaces of the class or interface
   * represented by this {@code Class} object are not considered members of
   * the class or interface.
   *
   * @param name the name of the method
   * @param parameterTypes the list of parameters
   * @return the {@code Method} object that matches the specified {@code name} and {@code
   * parameterTypes}
   * @throws NoSuchMethodException if a matching method is not found or if the name is
   * "&lt;init&gt;"or "&lt;clinit&gt;".
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and the caller's class
   * loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
   * invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access
   * to the package of this class.
   * @jls 8.2 Class Members
   * @jls 8.4 Method Declarations
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Method getMethod(String name, Class<?>... parameterTypes)
      throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException {
    checkMemberAccess(Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
    Method method = getMethod0(name, parameterTypes, true);
    if (method == null) {
      throw new NoSuchMethodException(
          getName() + "." + name + argumentTypesToString(parameterTypes));
    }
    return method;
  }


  /**
   * Returns a {@code Constructor} object that reflects the specified
   * public constructor of the class represented by this {@code Class}
   * object. The {@code parameterTypes} parameter is an array of
   * {@code Class} objects that identify the constructor's formal
   * parameter types, in declared order.
   *
   * If this {@code Class} object represents an inner class
   * declared in a non-static context, the formal parameter types
   * include the explicit enclosing instance as the first parameter.
   *
   * <p> The constructor to reflect is the public constructor of the class
   * represented by this {@code Class} object whose formal parameter
   * types match those specified by {@code parameterTypes}.
   *
   * @param parameterTypes the parameter array
   * @return the {@code Constructor} object of the public constructor that matches the specified
   * {@code parameterTypes}
   * @throws NoSuchMethodException if a matching method is not found.
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and the caller's class
   * loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
   * invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access
   * to the package of this class.
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Constructor<T> getConstructor(Class<?>... parameterTypes)
      throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException {
    checkMemberAccess(Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
    return getConstructor0(parameterTypes, Member.PUBLIC);
  }


  /**
   * Returns an array of {@code Class} objects reflecting all the
   * classes and interfaces declared as members of the class represented by
   * this {@code Class} object. This includes public, protected, default
   * (package) access, and private classes and interfaces declared by the
   * class, but excludes inherited classes and interfaces.  This method
   * returns an array of length 0 if the class declares no classes or
   * interfaces as members, or if this {@code Class} object represents a
   * primitive type, an array class, or void.
   *
   * @return the array of {@code Class} objects representing all the declared members of this class
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the following
   * conditions is met:
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the class loader of this class and invocation
   * of {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission s.checkPermission} method with {@code
   * RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")} denies access to the declared classes within this
   * class
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the
   * current class and invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
   * s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package of this class
   *
   * </ul>
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Class<?>[] getDeclaredClasses() throws SecurityException {
    checkMemberAccess(Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), false);
    return getDeclaredClasses0();
  }


  /**
   * Returns an array of {@code Field} objects reflecting all the fields
   * declared by the class or interface represented by this
   * {@code Class} object. This includes public, protected, default
   * (package) access, and private fields, but excludes inherited fields.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class or interface with no
   * declared fields, then this method returns an array of length 0.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, a primitive
   * type, or void, then this method returns an array of length 0.
   *
   * <p> The elements in the returned array are not sorted and are not in any
   * particular order.
   *
   * @return the array of {@code Field} objects representing all the declared fields of this class
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the following
   * conditions is met:
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the class loader of this class and invocation
   * of {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission s.checkPermission} method with {@code
   * RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")} denies access to the declared fields within this
   * class
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the
   * current class and invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
   * s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package of this class
   *
   * </ul>
   * @jls 8.2 Class Members
   * @jls 8.3 Field Declarations
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Field[] getDeclaredFields() throws SecurityException {
    checkMemberAccess(Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
    return copyFields(privateGetDeclaredFields(false));
  }


  /**
   * Returns an array containing {@code Method} objects reflecting all the
   * declared methods of the class or interface represented by this {@code
   * Class} object, including public, protected, default (package)
   * access, and private methods, but excluding inherited methods.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a type that has multiple
   * declared methods with the same name and parameter types, but different
   * return types, then the returned array has a {@code Method} object for
   * each such method.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a type that has a class
   * initialization method {@code <clinit>}, then the returned array does
   * <em>not</em> have a corresponding {@code Method} object.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class or interface with no
   * declared methods, then the returned array has length 0.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, a primitive
   * type, or void, then the returned array has length 0.
   *
   * <p> The elements in the returned array are not sorted and are not in any
   * particular order.
   *
   * @return the array of {@code Method} objects representing all the declared methods of this class
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the following
   * conditions is met:
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the class loader of this class and invocation
   * of {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission s.checkPermission} method with {@code
   * RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")} denies access to the declared methods within this
   * class
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the
   * current class and invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
   * s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package of this class
   *
   * </ul>
   * @jls 8.2 Class Members
   * @jls 8.4 Method Declarations
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Method[] getDeclaredMethods() throws SecurityException {
    checkMemberAccess(Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
    return copyMethods(privateGetDeclaredMethods(false));
  }


  /**
   * Returns an array of {@code Constructor} objects reflecting all the
   * constructors declared by the class represented by this
   * {@code Class} object. These are public, protected, default
   * (package) access, and private constructors.  The elements in the array
   * returned are not sorted and are not in any particular order.  If the
   * class has a default constructor, it is included in the returned array.
   * This method returns an array of length 0 if this {@code Class}
   * object represents an interface, a primitive type, an array class, or
   * void.
   *
   * <p> See <em>The Java Language Specification</em>, section 8.2.
   *
   * @return the array of {@code Constructor} objects representing all the declared constructors of
   * this class
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the following
   * conditions is met:
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the class loader of this class and invocation
   * of {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission s.checkPermission} method with {@code
   * RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")} denies access to the declared constructors within
   * this class
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the
   * current class and invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
   * s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package of this class
   *
   * </ul>
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Constructor<?>[] getDeclaredConstructors() throws SecurityException {
    checkMemberAccess(Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
    return copyConstructors(privateGetDeclaredConstructors(false));
  }


  /**
   * Returns a {@code Field} object that reflects the specified declared
   * field of the class or interface represented by this {@code Class}
   * object. The {@code name} parameter is a {@code String} that specifies
   * the simple name of the desired field.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, then this
   * method does not find the {@code length} field of the array type.
   *
   * @param name the name of the field
   * @return the {@code Field} object for the specified field in this class
   * @throws NoSuchFieldException if a field with the specified name is not found.
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the following
   * conditions is met:
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the class loader of this class and invocation
   * of {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission s.checkPermission} method with {@code
   * RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")} denies access to the declared field
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the
   * current class and invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
   * s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package of this class
   *
   * </ul>
   * @jls 8.2 Class Members
   * @jls 8.3 Field Declarations
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Field getDeclaredField(String name)
      throws NoSuchFieldException, SecurityException {
    checkMemberAccess(Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
    Field field = searchFields(privateGetDeclaredFields(false), name);
    if (field == null) {
      throw new NoSuchFieldException(name);
    }
    return field;
  }


  /**
   * Returns a {@code Method} object that reflects the specified
   * declared method of the class or interface represented by this
   * {@code Class} object. The {@code name} parameter is a
   * {@code String} that specifies the simple name of the desired
   * method, and the {@code parameterTypes} parameter is an array of
   * {@code Class} objects that identify the method's formal parameter
   * types, in declared order.  If more than one method with the same
   * parameter types is declared in a class, and one of these methods has a
   * return type that is more specific than any of the others, that method is
   * returned; otherwise one of the methods is chosen arbitrarily.  If the
   * name is "&lt;init&gt;"or "&lt;clinit&gt;" a {@code NoSuchMethodException}
   * is raised.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, then this
   * method does not find the {@code clone()} method.
   *
   * @param name the name of the method
   * @param parameterTypes the parameter array
   * @return the {@code Method} object for the method of this class matching the specified name and
   * parameters
   * @throws NoSuchMethodException if a matching method is not found.
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the following
   * conditions is met:
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the class loader of this class and invocation
   * of {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission s.checkPermission} method with {@code
   * RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")} denies access to the declared method
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the
   * current class and invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
   * s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package of this class
   *
   * </ul>
   * @jls 8.2 Class Members
   * @jls 8.4 Method Declarations
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Method getDeclaredMethod(String name, Class<?>... parameterTypes)
      throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException {
    checkMemberAccess(Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
    Method method = searchMethods(privateGetDeclaredMethods(false), name, parameterTypes);
    if (method == null) {
      throw new NoSuchMethodException(
          getName() + "." + name + argumentTypesToString(parameterTypes));
    }
    return method;
  }


  /**
   * Returns a {@code Constructor} object that reflects the specified
   * constructor of the class or interface represented by this
   * {@code Class} object.  The {@code parameterTypes} parameter is
   * an array of {@code Class} objects that identify the constructor's
   * formal parameter types, in declared order.
   *
   * If this {@code Class} object represents an inner class
   * declared in a non-static context, the formal parameter types
   * include the explicit enclosing instance as the first parameter.
   *
   * @param parameterTypes the parameter array
   * @return The {@code Constructor} object for the constructor with the specified parameter list
   * @throws NoSuchMethodException if a matching method is not found.
   * @throws SecurityException If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the following
   * conditions is met:
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the class loader of this class and invocation
   * of {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission s.checkPermission} method with {@code
   * RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")} denies access to the declared constructor
   *
   * <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class loader for the
   * current class and invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
   * s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package of this class
   *
   * </ul>
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  @CallerSensitive
  public Constructor<T> getDeclaredConstructor(Class<?>... parameterTypes)
      throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException {
    checkMemberAccess(Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
    return getConstructor0(parameterTypes, Member.DECLARED);
  }

  /**
   * Finds a resource with a given name.  The rules for searching resources
   * associated with a given class are implemented by the defining
   * {@linkplain ClassLoader class loader} of the class.  This method
   * delegates to this object's class loader.  If this object was loaded by
   * the bootstrap class loader, the method delegates to {@link
   * ClassLoader#getSystemResourceAsStream}.
   *
   * <p> Before delegation, an absolute resource name is constructed from the
   * given resource name using this algorithm:
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   * <li> If the {@code name} begins with a {@code '/'}
   * (<tt>'&#92;u002f'</tt>), then the absolute name of the resource is the
   * portion of the {@code name} following the {@code '/'}.
   *
   * <li> Otherwise, the absolute name is of the following form:
   *
   * <blockquote>
   * {@code modified_package_name/name}
   * </blockquote>
   *
   * <p> Where the {@code modified_package_name} is the package name of this
   * object with {@code '/'} substituted for {@code '.'}
   * (<tt>'&#92;u002e'</tt>).
   *
   * </ul>
   *
   * @param name name of the desired resource
   * @return A {@link java.io.InputStream} object or {@code null} if no resource with this name is
   * found
   * @throws NullPointerException If {@code name} is {@code null}
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  public InputStream getResourceAsStream(String name) {
    name = resolveName(name);
    ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
    if (cl == null) {
      // A system class.
      return ClassLoader.getSystemResourceAsStream(name);
    }
    return cl.getResourceAsStream(name);
  }

  /**
   * Finds a resource with a given name.  The rules for searching resources
   * associated with a given class are implemented by the defining
   * {@linkplain ClassLoader class loader} of the class.  This method
   * delegates to this object's class loader.  If this object was loaded by
   * the bootstrap class loader, the method delegates to {@link
   * ClassLoader#getSystemResource}.
   *
   * <p> Before delegation, an absolute resource name is constructed from the
   * given resource name using this algorithm:
   *
   * <ul>
   *
   * <li> If the {@code name} begins with a {@code '/'}
   * (<tt>'&#92;u002f'</tt>), then the absolute name of the resource is the
   * portion of the {@code name} following the {@code '/'}.
   *
   * <li> Otherwise, the absolute name is of the following form:
   *
   * <blockquote>
   * {@code modified_package_name/name}
   * </blockquote>
   *
   * <p> Where the {@code modified_package_name} is the package name of this
   * object with {@code '/'} substituted for {@code '.'}
   * (<tt>'&#92;u002e'</tt>).
   *
   * </ul>
   *
   * @param name name of the desired resource
   * @return A  {@link java.net.URL} object or {@code null} if no resource with this name is found
   * @since JDK1.1
   */
  public java.net.URL getResource(String name) {
    name = resolveName(name);
    ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
    if (cl == null) {
      // A system class.
      return ClassLoader.getSystemResource(name);
    }
    return cl.getResource(name);
  }


  /**
   * protection domain returned when the internal domain is null
   */
  private static java.security.ProtectionDomain allPermDomain;


  /**
   * Returns the {@code ProtectionDomain} of this class.  If there is a
   * security manager installed, this method first calls the security
   * manager's {@code checkPermission} method with a
   * {@code RuntimePermission("getProtectionDomain")} permission to
   * ensure it's ok to get the
   * {@code ProtectionDomain}.
   *
   * @return the ProtectionDomain of this class
   * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and its {@code checkPermission} method
   * doesn't allow getting the ProtectionDomain.
   * @see java.security.ProtectionDomain
   * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
   * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
   * @since 1.2
   */
  public java.security.ProtectionDomain getProtectionDomain() {
    SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
    if (sm != null) {
      sm.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.GET_PD_PERMISSION);
    }
    java.security.ProtectionDomain pd = getProtectionDomain0();
    if (pd == null) {
      if (allPermDomain == null) {
        java.security.Permissions perms =
            new java.security.Permissions();
        perms.add(SecurityConstants.ALL_PERMISSION);
        allPermDomain =
            new java.security.ProtectionDomain(null, perms);
      }
      pd = allPermDomain;
    }
    return pd;
  }


  /**
   * Returns the ProtectionDomain of this class.
   */
  private native java.security.ProtectionDomain getProtectionDomain0();

  /*
     * Return the Virtual Machine's Class object for the named
     * primitive type.
     */
  static native Class<?> getPrimitiveClass(String name);

  /*
     * Check if client is allowed to access members.  If access is denied,
     * throw a SecurityException.
     *
     * This method also enforces package access.
     *
     * <p> Default policy: allow all clients access with normal Java access
     * control.
     */
  private void checkMemberAccess(int which, Class<?> caller, boolean checkProxyInterfaces) {
    final SecurityManager s = System.getSecurityManager();
    if (s != null) {
            /* Default policy allows access to all {@link Member#PUBLIC} members,
             * as well as access to classes that have the same class loader as the caller.
             * In all other cases, it requires RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")
             * permission.
             */
      final ClassLoader ccl = ClassLoader.getClassLoader(caller);
      final ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
      if (which != Member.PUBLIC) {
        if (ccl != cl) {
          s.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.CHECK_MEMBER_ACCESS_PERMISSION);
        }
      }
      this.checkPackageAccess(ccl, checkProxyInterfaces);
    }
  }

  /*
     * Checks if a client loaded in ClassLoader ccl is allowed to access this
     * class under the current package access policy. If access is denied,
     * throw a SecurityException.
     */
  private void checkPackageAccess(final ClassLoader ccl, boolean checkProxyInterfaces) {
    final SecurityManager s = System.getSecurityManager();
    if (s != null) {
      final ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();

      if (ReflectUtil.needsPackageAccessCheck(ccl, cl)) {
        String name = this.getName();
        int i = name.lastIndexOf('.');
        if (i != -1) {
          // skip the package access check on a proxy class in default proxy package
          String pkg = name.substring(0, i);
          if (!Proxy.isProxyClass(this) || ReflectUtil.isNonPublicProxyClass(this)) {
            s.checkPackageAccess(pkg);
          }
        }
      }
      // check package access on the proxy interfaces
      if (checkProxyInterfaces && Proxy.isProxyClass(this)) {
        ReflectUtil.checkProxyPackageAccess(ccl, this.getInterfaces());
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Add a package name prefix if the name is not absolute Remove leading "/"
   * if name is absolute
   */
  private String resolveName(String name) {
    if (name == null) {
      return name;
    }
    if (!name.startsWith("/")) {
      Class<?> c = this;
      while (c.isArray()) {
        c = c.getComponentType();
      }
      String baseName = c.getName();
      int index = baseName.lastIndexOf('.');
      if (index != -1) {
        name = baseName.substring(0, index).replace('.', '/')
            + "/" + name;
      }
    } else {
      name = name.substring(1);
    }
    return name;
  }

  /**
   * Atomic operations support.
   */
  private static class Atomic {

    // initialize Unsafe machinery here, since we need to call Class.class instance method
    // and have to avoid calling it in the static initializer of the Class class...
    private static final Unsafe unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe();
    // offset of Class.reflectionData instance field
    private static final long reflectionDataOffset;
    // offset of Class.annotationType instance field
    private static final long annotationTypeOffset;
    // offset of Class.annotationData instance field
    private static final long annotationDataOffset;

    static {
      Field[] fields = Class.class.getDeclaredFields0(false); // bypass caches
      reflectionDataOffset = objectFieldOffset(fields, "reflectionData");
      annotationTypeOffset = objectFieldOffset(fields, "annotationType");
      annotationDataOffset = objectFieldOffset(fields, "annotationData");
    }

    private static long objectFieldOffset(Field[] fields, String fieldName) {
      Field field = searchFields(fields, fieldName);
      if (field == null) {
        throw new Error("No " + fieldName + " field found in java.lang.Class");
      }
      return unsafe.objectFieldOffset(field);
    }

    static <T> boolean casReflectionData(Class<?> clazz,
        SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> oldData,
        SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> newData) {
      return unsafe.compareAndSwapObject(clazz, reflectionDataOffset, oldData, newData);
    }

    static <T> boolean casAnnotationType(Class<?> clazz,
        AnnotationType oldType,
        AnnotationType newType) {
      return unsafe.compareAndSwapObject(clazz, annotationTypeOffset, oldType, newType);
    }

    static <T> boolean casAnnotationData(Class<?> clazz,
        AnnotationData oldData,
        AnnotationData newData) {
      return unsafe.compareAndSwapObject(clazz, annotationDataOffset, oldData, newData);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Reflection support.
   */

  // Caches for certain reflective results
  private static boolean useCaches = true;

  // reflection data that might get invalidated when JVM TI RedefineClasses() is called
  private static class ReflectionData<T> {

    volatile Field[] declaredFields;
    volatile Field[] publicFields;
    volatile Method[] declaredMethods;
    volatile Method[] publicMethods;
    volatile Constructor<T>[] declaredConstructors;
    volatile Constructor<T>[] publicConstructors;
    // Intermediate results for getFields and getMethods
    volatile Field[] declaredPublicFields;
    volatile Method[] declaredPublicMethods;
    volatile Class<?>[] interfaces;

    // Value of classRedefinedCount when we created this ReflectionData instance
    final int redefinedCount;

    ReflectionData(int redefinedCount) {
      this.redefinedCount = redefinedCount;
    }
  }

  private volatile transient SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> reflectionData;

  // Incremented by the VM on each call to JVM TI RedefineClasses()
  // that redefines this class or a superclass.
  private volatile transient int classRedefinedCount = 0;

  // Lazily create and cache ReflectionData
  private ReflectionData<T> reflectionData() {
    SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> reflectionData = this.reflectionData;
    int classRedefinedCount = this.classRedefinedCount;
    ReflectionData<T> rd;
    if (useCaches &&
        reflectionData != null &&
        (rd = reflectionData.get()) != null &&
        rd.redefinedCount == classRedefinedCount) {
      return rd;
    }
    // else no SoftReference or cleared SoftReference or stale ReflectionData
    // -> create and replace new instance
    return newReflectionData(reflectionData, classRedefinedCount);
  }

  private ReflectionData<T> newReflectionData(SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> oldReflectionData,
      int classRedefinedCount) {
    if (!useCaches) {
      return null;
    }

    while (true) {
      ReflectionData<T> rd = new ReflectionData<>(classRedefinedCount);
      // try to CAS it...
      if (Atomic.casReflectionData(this, oldReflectionData, new SoftReference<>(rd))) {
        return rd;
      }
      // else retry
      oldReflectionData = this.reflectionData;
      classRedefinedCount = this.classRedefinedCount;
      if (oldReflectionData != null &&
          (rd = oldReflectionData.get()) != null &&
          rd.redefinedCount == classRedefinedCount) {
        return rd;
      }
    }
  }

  // Generic signature handling
  private native String getGenericSignature0();

  // Generic info repository; lazily initialized
  private volatile transient ClassRepository genericInfo;

  // accessor for factory
  private GenericsFactory getFactory() {
    // create scope and factory
    return CoreReflectionFactory.make(this, ClassScope.make(this));
  }

  // accessor for generic info repository;
  // generic info is lazily initialized
  private ClassRepository getGenericInfo() {
    ClassRepository genericInfo = this.genericInfo;
    if (genericInfo == null) {
      String signature = getGenericSignature0();
      if (signature == null) {
        genericInfo = ClassRepository.NONE;
      } else {
        genericInfo = ClassRepository.make(signature, getFactory());
      }
      this.genericInfo = genericInfo;
    }
    return (genericInfo != ClassRepository.NONE) ? genericInfo : null;
  }

  // Annotations handling
  native byte[] getRawAnnotations();

  // Since 1.8
  native byte[] getRawTypeAnnotations();

  static byte[] getExecutableTypeAnnotationBytes(Executable ex) {
    return getReflectionFactory().getExecutableTypeAnnotationBytes(ex);
  }

  native ConstantPool getConstantPool();

  //
  //
  // java.lang.reflect.Field handling
  //
  //

  // Returns an array of "root" fields. These Field objects must NOT
  // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
  // via ReflectionFactory.copyField.
  private Field[] privateGetDeclaredFields(boolean publicOnly) {
    checkInitted();
    Field[] res;
    ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
    if (rd != null) {
      res = publicOnly ? rd.declaredPublicFields : rd.declaredFields;
      if (res != null) {
        return res;
      }
    }
    // No cached value available; request value from VM
    res = Reflection.filterFields(this, getDeclaredFields0(publicOnly));
    if (rd != null) {
      if (publicOnly) {
        rd.declaredPublicFields = res;
      } else {
        rd.declaredFields = res;
      }
    }
    return res;
  }

  // Returns an array of "root" fields. These Field objects must NOT
  // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
  // via ReflectionFactory.copyField.
  private Field[] privateGetPublicFields(Set<Class<?>> traversedInterfaces) {
    checkInitted();
    Field[] res;
    ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
    if (rd != null) {
      res = rd.publicFields;
      if (res != null) {
        return res;
      }
    }

    // No cached value available; compute value recursively.
    // Traverse in correct order for getField().
    List<Field> fields = new ArrayList<>();
    if (traversedInterfaces == null) {
      traversedInterfaces = new HashSet<>();
    }

    // Local fields
    Field[] tmp = privateGetDeclaredFields(true);
    addAll(fields, tmp);

    // Direct superinterfaces, recursively
    for (Class<?> c : getInterfaces()) {
      if (!traversedInterfaces.contains(c)) {
        traversedInterfaces.add(c);
        addAll(fields, c.privateGetPublicFields(traversedInterfaces));
      }
    }

    // Direct superclass, recursively
    if (!isInterface()) {
      Class<?> c = getSuperclass();
      if (c != null) {
        addAll(fields, c.privateGetPublicFields(traversedInterfaces));
      }
    }

    res = new Field[fields.size()];
    fields.toArray(res);
    if (rd != null) {
      rd.publicFields = res;
    }
    return res;
  }

  private static void addAll(Collection<Field> c, Field[] o) {
    for (int i = 0; i < o.length; i++) {
      c.add(o[i]);
    }
  }

  //
  //
  // java.lang.reflect.Constructor handling
  //
  //

  // Returns an array of "root" constructors. These Constructor
  // objects must NOT be propagated to the outside world, but must
  // instead be copied via ReflectionFactory.copyConstructor.
  private Constructor<T>[] privateGetDeclaredConstructors(boolean publicOnly) {
    checkInitted();
    Constructor<T>[] res;
    ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
    if (rd != null) {
      res = publicOnly ? rd.publicConstructors : rd.declaredConstructors;
      if (res != null) {
        return res;
      }
    }
    // No cached value available; request value from VM
    if (isInterface()) {
      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
      Constructor<T>[] temporaryRes = (Constructor<T>[]) new Constructor<?>[0];
      res = temporaryRes;
    } else {
      res = getDeclaredConstructors0(publicOnly);
    }
    if (rd != null) {
      if (publicOnly) {
        rd.publicConstructors = res;
      } else {
        rd.declaredConstructors = res;
      }
    }
    return res;
  }

  //
  //
  // java.lang.reflect.Method handling
  //
  //

  // Returns an array of "root" methods. These Method objects must NOT
  // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
  // via ReflectionFactory.copyMethod.
  private Method[] privateGetDeclaredMethods(boolean publicOnly) {
    checkInitted();
    Method[] res;
    ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
    if (rd != null) {
      res = publicOnly ? rd.declaredPublicMethods : rd.declaredMethods;
      if (res != null) {
        return res;
      }
    }
    // No cached value available; request value from VM
    res = Reflection.filterMethods(this, getDeclaredMethods0(publicOnly));
    if (rd != null) {
      if (publicOnly) {
        rd.declaredPublicMethods = res;
      } else {
        rd.declaredMethods = res;
      }
    }
    return res;
  }

  static class MethodArray {

    // Don't add or remove methods except by add() or remove() calls.
    private Method[] methods;
    private int length;
    private int defaults;

    MethodArray() {
      this(20);
    }

    MethodArray(int initialSize) {
      if (initialSize < 2) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Size should be 2 or more");
      }

      methods = new Method[initialSize];
      length = 0;
      defaults = 0;
    }

    boolean hasDefaults() {
      return defaults != 0;
    }

    void add(Method m) {
      if (length == methods.length) {
        methods = Arrays.copyOf(methods, 2 * methods.length);
      }
      methods[length++] = m;

      if (m != null && m.isDefault()) {
        defaults++;
      }
    }

    void addAll(Method[] ma) {
      for (int i = 0; i < ma.length; i++) {
        add(ma[i]);
      }
    }

    void addAll(MethodArray ma) {
      for (int i = 0; i < ma.length(); i++) {
        add(ma.get(i));
      }
    }

    void addIfNotPresent(Method newMethod) {
      for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        Method m = methods[i];
        if (m == newMethod || (m != null && m.equals(newMethod))) {
          return;
        }
      }
      add(newMethod);
    }

    void addAllIfNotPresent(MethodArray newMethods) {
      for (int i = 0; i < newMethods.length(); i++) {
        Method m = newMethods.get(i);
        if (m != null) {
          addIfNotPresent(m);
        }
      }
    }

    /* Add Methods declared in an interface to this MethodArray.
         * Static methods declared in interfaces are not inherited.
         */
    void addInterfaceMethods(Method[] methods) {
      for (Method candidate : methods) {
        if (!Modifier.isStatic(candidate.getModifiers())) {
          add(candidate);
        }
      }
    }

    int length() {
      return length;
    }

    Method get(int i) {
      return methods[i];
    }

    Method getFirst() {
      for (Method m : methods) {
        if (m != null) {
          return m;
        }
      }
      return null;
    }

    void removeByNameAndDescriptor(Method toRemove) {
      for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        Method m = methods[i];
        if (m != null && matchesNameAndDescriptor(m, toRemove)) {
          remove(i);
        }
      }
    }

    private void remove(int i) {
      if (methods[i] != null && methods[i].isDefault()) {
        defaults--;
      }
      methods[i] = null;
    }

    private boolean matchesNameAndDescriptor(Method m1, Method m2) {
      return m1.getReturnType() == m2.getReturnType() &&
          m1.getName() == m2.getName() && // name is guaranteed to be interned
          arrayContentsEq(m1.getParameterTypes(),
              m2.getParameterTypes());
    }

    void compactAndTrim() {
      int newPos = 0;
      // Get rid of null slots
      for (int pos = 0; pos < length; pos++) {
        Method m = methods[pos];
        if (m != null) {
          if (pos != newPos) {
            methods[newPos] = m;
          }
          newPos++;
        }
      }
      if (newPos != methods.length) {
        methods = Arrays.copyOf(methods, newPos);
      }
    }

    /* Removes all Methods from this MethodArray that have a more specific
         * default Method in this MethodArray.
         *
         * Users of MethodArray are responsible for pruning Methods that have
         * a more specific <em>concrete</em> Method.
         */
    void removeLessSpecifics() {
      if (!hasDefaults()) {
        return;
      }

      for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        Method m = get(i);
        if (m == null || !m.isDefault()) {
          continue;
        }

        for (int j = 0; j < length; j++) {
          if (i == j) {
            continue;
          }

          Method candidate = get(j);
          if (candidate == null) {
            continue;
          }

          if (!matchesNameAndDescriptor(m, candidate)) {
            continue;
          }

          if (hasMoreSpecificClass(m, candidate)) {
            remove(j);
          }
        }
      }
    }

    Method[] getArray() {
      return methods;
    }

    // Returns true if m1 is more specific than m2
    static boolean hasMoreSpecificClass(Method m1, Method m2) {
      Class<?> m1Class = m1.getDeclaringClass();
      Class<?> m2Class = m2.getDeclaringClass();
      return m1Class != m2Class && m2Class.isAssignableFrom(m1Class);
    }
  }


  // Returns an array of "root" methods. These Method objects must NOT
  // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
  // via ReflectionFactory.copyMethod.
  private Method[] privateGetPublicMethods() {
    checkInitted();
    Method[] res;
    ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
    if (rd != null) {
      res = rd.publicMethods;
      if (res != null) {
        return res;
      }
    }

    // No cached value available; compute value recursively.
    // Start by fetching public declared methods
    MethodArray methods = new MethodArray();
    {
      Method[] tmp = privateGetDeclaredMethods(true);
      methods.addAll(tmp);
    }
    // Now recur over superclass and direct superinterfaces.
    // Go over superinterfaces first so we can more easily filter
    // out concrete implementations inherited from superclasses at
    // the end.
    MethodArray inheritedMethods = new MethodArray();
    for (Class<?> i : getInterfaces()) {
      inheritedMethods.addInterfaceMethods(i.privateGetPublicMethods());
    }
    if (!isInterface()) {
      Class<?> c = getSuperclass();
      if (c != null) {
        MethodArray supers = new MethodArray();
        supers.addAll(c.privateGetPublicMethods());
        // Filter out concrete implementations of any
        // interface methods
        for (int i = 0; i < supers.length(); i++) {
          Method m = supers.get(i);
          if (m != null &&
              !Modifier.isAbstract(m.getModifiers()) &&
              !m.isDefault()) {
            inheritedMethods.removeByNameAndDescriptor(m);
          }
        }
        // Insert superclass's inherited methods before
        // superinterfaces' to satisfy getMethod's search
        // order
        supers.addAll(inheritedMethods);
        inheritedMethods = supers;
      }
    }
    // Filter out all local methods from inherited ones
    for (int i = 0; i < methods.length(); i++) {
      Method m = methods.get(i);
      inheritedMethods.removeByNameAndDescriptor(m);
    }
    methods.addAllIfNotPresent(inheritedMethods);
    methods.removeLessSpecifics();
    methods.compactAndTrim();
    res = methods.getArray();
    if (rd != null) {
      rd.publicMethods = res;
    }
    return res;
  }

  //
  // Helpers for fetchers of one field, method, or constructor
  //

  private static Field searchFields(Field[] fields, String name) {
    String internedName = name.intern();
    for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {
      if (fields[i].getName() == internedName) {
        return getReflectionFactory().copyField(fields[i]);
      }
    }
    return null;
  }

  private Field getField0(String name) throws NoSuchFieldException {
    // Note: the intent is that the search algorithm this routine
    // uses be equivalent to the ordering imposed by
    // privateGetPublicFields(). It fetches only the declared
    // public fields for each class, however, to reduce the number
    // of Field objects which have to be created for the common
    // case where the field being requested is declared in the
    // class which is being queried.
    Field res;
    // Search declared public fields
    if ((res = searchFields(privateGetDeclaredFields(true), name)) != null) {
      return res;
    }
    // Direct superinterfaces, recursively
    Class<?>[] interfaces = getInterfaces();
    for (int i = 0; i < interfaces.length; i++) {
      Class<?> c = interfaces[i];
      if ((res = c.getField0(name)) != null) {
        return res;
      }
    }
    // Direct superclass, recursively
    if (!isInterface()) {
      Class<?> c = getSuperclass();
      if (c != null) {
        if ((res = c.getField0(name)) != null) {
          return res;
        }
      }
    }
    return null;
  }

  private static Method searchMethods(Method[] methods,
      String name,
      Class<?>[] parameterTypes) {
    Method res = null;
    String internedName = name.intern();
    for (int i = 0; i < methods.length; i++) {
      Method m = methods[i];
      if (m.getName() == internedName
          && arrayContentsEq(parameterTypes, m.getParameterTypes())
          && (res == null
          || res.getReturnType().isAssignableFrom(m.getReturnType()))) {
        res = m;
      }
    }

    return (res == null ? res : getReflectionFactory().copyMethod(res));
  }

  private Method getMethod0(String name, Class<?>[] parameterTypes, boolean includeStaticMethods) {
    MethodArray interfaceCandidates = new MethodArray(2);
    Method res = privateGetMethodRecursive(name, parameterTypes, includeStaticMethods,
        interfaceCandidates);
    if (res != null) {
      return res;
    }

    // Not found on class or superclass directly
    interfaceCandidates.removeLessSpecifics();
    return interfaceCandidates.getFirst(); // may be null
  }

  private Method privateGetMethodRecursive(String name,
      Class<?>[] parameterTypes,
      boolean includeStaticMethods,
      MethodArray allInterfaceCandidates) {
    // Note: the intent is that the search algorithm this routine
    // uses be equivalent to the ordering imposed by
    // privateGetPublicMethods(). It fetches only the declared
    // public methods for each class, however, to reduce the
    // number of Method objects which have to be created for the
    // common case where the method being requested is declared in
    // the class which is being queried.
    //
    // Due to default methods, unless a method is found on a superclass,
    // methods declared in any superinterface needs to be considered.
    // Collect all candidates declared in superinterfaces in {@code
    // allInterfaceCandidates} and select the most specific if no match on
    // a superclass is found.

    // Must _not_ return root methods
    Method res;
    // Search declared public methods
    if ((res = searchMethods(privateGetDeclaredMethods(true),
        name,
        parameterTypes)) != null) {
      if (includeStaticMethods || !Modifier.isStatic(res.getModifiers())) {
        return res;
      }
    }
    // Search superclass's methods
    if (!isInterface()) {
      Class<? super T> c = getSuperclass();
      if (c != null) {
        if ((res = c.getMethod0(name, parameterTypes, true)) != null) {
          return res;
        }
      }
    }
    // Search superinterfaces' methods
    Class<?>[] interfaces = getInterfaces();
    for (Class<?> c : interfaces) {
      if ((res = c.getMethod0(name, parameterTypes, false)) != null) {
        allInterfaceCandidates.add(res);
      }
    }
    // Not found
    return null;
  }

  private Constructor<T> getConstructor0(Class<?>[] parameterTypes,
      int which) throws NoSuchMethodException {
    Constructor<T>[] constructors = privateGetDeclaredConstructors((which == Member.PUBLIC));
    for (Constructor<T> constructor : constructors) {
      if (arrayContentsEq(parameterTypes,
          constructor.getParameterTypes())) {
        return getReflectionFactory().copyConstructor(constructor);
      }
    }
    throw new NoSuchMethodException(getName() + ".<init>" + argumentTypesToString(parameterTypes));
  }

  //
  // Other helpers and base implementation
  //

  private static boolean arrayContentsEq(Object[] a1, Object[] a2) {
    if (a1 == null) {
      return a2 == null || a2.length == 0;
    }

    if (a2 == null) {
      return a1.length == 0;
    }

    if (a1.length != a2.length) {
      return false;
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < a1.length; i++) {
      if (a1[i] != a2[i]) {
        return false;
      }
    }

    return true;
  }

  private static Field[] copyFields(Field[] arg) {
    Field[] out = new Field[arg.length];
    ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
    for (int i = 0; i < arg.length; i++) {
      out[i] = fact.copyField(arg[i]);
    }
    return out;
  }

  private static Method[] copyMethods(Method[] arg) {
    Method[] out = new Method[arg.length];
    ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
    for (int i = 0; i < arg.length; i++) {
      out[i] = fact.copyMethod(arg[i]);
    }
    return out;
  }

  private static <U> Constructor<U>[] copyConstructors(Constructor<U>[] arg) {
    Constructor<U>[] out = arg.clone();
    ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
    for (int i = 0; i < out.length; i++) {
      out[i] = fact.copyConstructor(out[i]);
    }
    return out;
  }

  private native Field[] getDeclaredFields0(boolean publicOnly);

  private native Method[] getDeclaredMethods0(boolean publicOnly);

  private native Constructor<T>[] getDeclaredConstructors0(boolean publicOnly);

  private native Class<?>[] getDeclaredClasses0();

  private static String argumentTypesToString(Class<?>[] argTypes) {
    StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
    buf.append("(");
    if (argTypes != null) {
      for (int i = 0; i < argTypes.length; i++) {
        if (i > 0) {
          buf.append(", ");
        }
        Class<?> c = argTypes[i];
        buf.append((c == null) ? "null" : c.getName());
      }
    }
    buf.append(")");
    return buf.toString();
  }

  /**
   * use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.1 for interoperability
   */
  private static final long serialVersionUID = 3206093459760846163L;


  /**
   * Class Class is special cased within the Serialization Stream Protocol.
   *
   * A Class instance is written initially into an ObjectOutputStream in the
   * following format:
   * <pre>
   *      {@code TC_CLASS} ClassDescriptor
   *      A ClassDescriptor is a special cased serialization of
   *      a {@code java.io.ObjectStreamClass} instance.
   * </pre>
   * A new handle is generated for the initial time the class descriptor
   * is written into the stream. Future references to the class descriptor
   * are written as references to the initial class descriptor instance.
   *
   * @see java.io.ObjectStreamClass
   */
  private static final ObjectStreamField[] serialPersistentFields =
      new ObjectStreamField[0];


  /**
   * Returns the assertion status that would be assigned to this
   * class if it were to be initialized at the time this method is invoked.
   * If this class has had its assertion status set, the most recent
   * setting will be returned; otherwise, if any package default assertion
   * status pertains to this class, the most recent setting for the most
   * specific pertinent package default assertion status is returned;
   * otherwise, if this class is not a system class (i.e., it has a
   * class loader) its class loader's default assertion status is returned;
   * otherwise, the system class default assertion status is returned.
   * <p>
   * Few programmers will have any need for this method; it is provided
   * for the benefit of the JRE itself.  (It allows a class to determine at
   * the time that it is initialized whether assertions should be enabled.)
   * Note that this method is not guaranteed to return the actual
   * assertion status that was (or will be) associated with the specified
   * class when it was (or will be) initialized.
   *
   * @return the desired assertion status of the specified class.
   * @see java.lang.ClassLoader#setClassAssertionStatus
   * @see java.lang.ClassLoader#setPackageAssertionStatus
   * @see java.lang.ClassLoader#setDefaultAssertionStatus
   * @since 1.4
   */
  public boolean desiredAssertionStatus() {
    ClassLoader loader = getClassLoader();
    // If the loader is null this is a system class, so ask the VM
    if (loader == null) {
      return desiredAssertionStatus0(this);
    }

    // If the classloader has been initialized with the assertion
    // directives, ask it. Otherwise, ask the VM.
    synchronized (loader.assertionLock) {
      if (loader.classAssertionStatus != null) {
        return loader.desiredAssertionStatus(getName());
      }
    }
    return desiredAssertionStatus0(this);
  }

  // Retrieves the desired assertion status of this class from the VM
  private static native boolean desiredAssertionStatus0(Class<?> clazz);

  /**
   * Returns true if and only if this class was declared as an enum in the
   * source code.
   *
   * @return true if and only if this class was declared as an enum in the source code
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public boolean isEnum() {
    // An enum must both directly extend java.lang.Enum and have
    // the ENUM bit set; classes for specialized enum constants
    // don't do the former.
    return (this.getModifiers() & ENUM) != 0 &&
        this.getSuperclass() == java.lang.Enum.class;
  }

  // Fetches the factory for reflective objects
  private static ReflectionFactory getReflectionFactory() {
    if (reflectionFactory == null) {
      reflectionFactory =
          java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged
              (new sun.reflect.ReflectionFactory.GetReflectionFactoryAction());
    }
    return reflectionFactory;
  }

  private static ReflectionFactory reflectionFactory;

  // To be able to query system properties as soon as they're available
  private static boolean initted = false;

  private static void checkInitted() {
    if (initted) {
      return;
    }
    AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
      public Void run() {
        // Tests to ensure the system properties table is fully
        // initialized. This is needed because reflection code is
        // called very early in the initialization process (before
        // command-line arguments have been parsed and therefore
        // these user-settable properties installed.) We assume that
        // if System.out is non-null then the System class has been
        // fully initialized and that the bulk of the startup code
        // has been run.

        if (System.out == null) {
          // java.lang.System not yet fully initialized
          return null;
        }

        // Doesn't use Boolean.getBoolean to avoid class init.
        String val =
            System.getProperty("sun.reflect.noCaches");
        if (val != null && val.equals("true")) {
          useCaches = false;
        }

        initted = true;
        return null;
      }
    });
  }

  /**
   * Returns the elements of this enum class or null if this
   * Class object does not represent an enum type.
   *
   * @return an array containing the values comprising the enum class represented by this Class
   * object in the order they're declared, or null if this Class object does not represent an enum
   * type
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public T[] getEnumConstants() {
    T[] values = getEnumConstantsShared();
    return (values != null) ? values.clone() : null;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the elements of this enum class or null if this
   * Class object does not represent an enum type;
   * identical to getEnumConstants except that the result is
   * uncloned, cached, and shared by all callers.
   */
  T[] getEnumConstantsShared() {
    if (enumConstants == null) {
      if (!isEnum()) {
        return null;
      }
      try {
        final Method values = getMethod("values");
        java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
            new java.security.PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
              public Void run() {
                values.setAccessible(true);
                return null;
              }
            });
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        T[] temporaryConstants = (T[]) values.invoke(null);
        enumConstants = temporaryConstants;
      }
      // These can happen when users concoct enum-like classes
      // that don't comply with the enum spec.
      catch (InvocationTargetException | NoSuchMethodException |
          IllegalAccessException ex) {
        return null;
      }
    }
    return enumConstants;
  }

  private volatile transient T[] enumConstants = null;

  /**
   * Returns a map from simple name to enum constant.  This package-private
   * method is used internally by Enum to implement
   * {@code public static <T extends Enum<T>> T valueOf(Class<T>, String)}
   * efficiently.  Note that the map is returned by this method is
   * created lazily on first use.  Typically it won't ever get created.
   */
  Map<String, T> enumConstantDirectory() {
    if (enumConstantDirectory == null) {
      T[] universe = getEnumConstantsShared();
      if (universe == null) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
            getName() + " is not an enum type");
      }
      Map<String, T> m = new HashMap<>(2 * universe.length);
      for (T constant : universe) {
        m.put(((Enum<?>) constant).name(), constant);
      }
      enumConstantDirectory = m;
    }
    return enumConstantDirectory;
  }

  private volatile transient Map<String, T> enumConstantDirectory = null;

  /**
   * Casts an object to the class or interface represented
   * by this {@code Class} object.
   *
   * @param obj the object to be cast
   * @return the object after casting, or null if obj is null
   * @throws ClassCastException if the object is not null and is not assignable to the type T.
   * @since 1.5
   */
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  public T cast(Object obj) {
    if (obj != null && !isInstance(obj)) {
      throw new ClassCastException(cannotCastMsg(obj));
    }
    return (T) obj;
  }

  private String cannotCastMsg(Object obj) {
    return "Cannot cast " + obj.getClass().getName() + " to " + getName();
  }

  /**
   * Casts this {@code Class} object to represent a subclass of the class
   * represented by the specified class object.  Checks that the cast
   * is valid, and throws a {@code ClassCastException} if it is not.  If
   * this method succeeds, it always returns a reference to this class object.
   *
   * <p>This method is useful when a client needs to "narrow" the type of
   * a {@code Class} object to pass it to an API that restricts the
   * {@code Class} objects that it is willing to accept.  A cast would
   * generate a compile-time warning, as the correctness of the cast
   * could not be checked at runtime (because generic types are implemented
   * by erasure).
   *
   * @param <U> the type to cast this class object to
   * @param clazz the class of the type to cast this class object to
   * @return this {@code Class} object, cast to represent a subclass of the specified class object.
   * @throws ClassCastException if this {@code Class} object does not represent a subclass of the
   * specified class (here "subclass" includes the class itself).
   * @since 1.5
   */
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  public <U> Class<? extends U> asSubclass(Class<U> clazz) {
    if (clazz.isAssignableFrom(this)) {
      return (Class<? extends U>) this;
    } else {
      throw new ClassCastException(this.toString());
    }
  }

  /**
   * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
   * @since 1.5
   */
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  public <A extends Annotation> A getAnnotation(Class<A> annotationClass) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);

    return (A) annotationData().annotations.get(annotationClass);
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritDoc}
   *
   * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
   * @since 1.5
   */
  @Override
  public boolean isAnnotationPresent(Class<? extends Annotation> annotationClass) {
    return GenericDeclaration.super.isAnnotationPresent(annotationClass);
  }

  /**
   * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
   * @since 1.8
   */
  @Override
  public <A extends Annotation> A[] getAnnotationsByType(Class<A> annotationClass) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);

    AnnotationData annotationData = annotationData();
    return AnnotationSupport.getAssociatedAnnotations(annotationData.declaredAnnotations,
        this,
        annotationClass);
  }

  /**
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public Annotation[] getAnnotations() {
    return AnnotationParser.toArray(annotationData().annotations);
  }

  /**
   * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
   * @since 1.8
   */
  @Override
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  public <A extends Annotation> A getDeclaredAnnotation(Class<A> annotationClass) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);

    return (A) annotationData().declaredAnnotations.get(annotationClass);
  }

  /**
   * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
   * @since 1.8
   */
  @Override
  public <A extends Annotation> A[] getDeclaredAnnotationsByType(Class<A> annotationClass) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);

    return AnnotationSupport.getDirectlyAndIndirectlyPresent(annotationData().declaredAnnotations,
        annotationClass);
  }

  /**
   * @since 1.5
   */
  public Annotation[] getDeclaredAnnotations() {
    return AnnotationParser.toArray(annotationData().declaredAnnotations);
  }

  // annotation data that might get invalidated when JVM TI RedefineClasses() is called
  private static class AnnotationData {

    final Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> annotations;
    final Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> declaredAnnotations;

    // Value of classRedefinedCount when we created this AnnotationData instance
    final int redefinedCount;

    AnnotationData(Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> annotations,
        Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> declaredAnnotations,
        int redefinedCount) {
      this.annotations = annotations;
      this.declaredAnnotations = declaredAnnotations;
      this.redefinedCount = redefinedCount;
    }
  }

  // Annotations cache
  @SuppressWarnings("UnusedDeclaration")
  private volatile transient AnnotationData annotationData;

  private AnnotationData annotationData() {
    while (true) { // retry loop
      AnnotationData annotationData = this.annotationData;
      int classRedefinedCount = this.classRedefinedCount;
      if (annotationData != null &&
          annotationData.redefinedCount == classRedefinedCount) {
        return annotationData;
      }
      // null or stale annotationData -> optimistically create new instance
      AnnotationData newAnnotationData = createAnnotationData(classRedefinedCount);
      // try to install it
      if (Atomic.casAnnotationData(this, annotationData, newAnnotationData)) {
        // successfully installed new AnnotationData
        return newAnnotationData;
      }
    }
  }

  private AnnotationData createAnnotationData(int classRedefinedCount) {
    Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> declaredAnnotations =
        AnnotationParser.parseAnnotations(getRawAnnotations(), getConstantPool(), this);
    Class<?> superClass = getSuperclass();
    Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> annotations = null;
    if (superClass != null) {
      Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> superAnnotations =
          superClass.annotationData().annotations;
      for (Map.Entry<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> e : superAnnotations.entrySet()) {
        Class<? extends Annotation> annotationClass = e.getKey();
        if (AnnotationType.getInstance(annotationClass).isInherited()) {
          if (annotations == null) { // lazy construction
            annotations = new LinkedHashMap<>((Math.max(
                declaredAnnotations.size(),
                Math.min(12, declaredAnnotations.size() + superAnnotations.size())
            ) * 4 + 2) / 3
            );
          }
          annotations.put(annotationClass, e.getValue());
        }
      }
    }
    if (annotations == null) {
      // no inherited annotations -> share the Map with declaredAnnotations
      annotations = declaredAnnotations;
    } else {
      // at least one inherited annotation -> declared may override inherited
      annotations.putAll(declaredAnnotations);
    }
    return new AnnotationData(annotations, declaredAnnotations, classRedefinedCount);
  }

  // Annotation types cache their internal (AnnotationType) form

  @SuppressWarnings("UnusedDeclaration")
  private volatile transient AnnotationType annotationType;

  boolean casAnnotationType(AnnotationType oldType, AnnotationType newType) {
    return Atomic.casAnnotationType(this, oldType, newType);
  }

  AnnotationType getAnnotationType() {
    return annotationType;
  }

  Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> getDeclaredAnnotationMap() {
    return annotationData().declaredAnnotations;
  }

  /* Backing store of user-defined values pertaining to this class.
     * Maintained by the ClassValue class.
     */
  transient ClassValue.ClassValueMap classValueMap;

  /**
   * Returns an {@code AnnotatedType} object that represents the use of a
   * type to specify the superclass of the entity represented by this {@code
   * Class} object. (The <em>use</em> of type Foo to specify the superclass
   * in '...  extends Foo' is distinct from the <em>declaration</em> of type
   * Foo.)
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a type whose declaration
   * does not explicitly indicate an annotated superclass, then the return
   * value is an {@code AnnotatedType} object representing an element with no
   * annotations.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} represents either the {@code Object} class, an
   * interface type, an array type, a primitive type, or void, the return
   * value is {@code null}.
   *
   * @return an object representing the superclass
   * @since 1.8
   */
  public AnnotatedType getAnnotatedSuperclass() {
    if (this == Object.class ||
        isInterface() ||
        isArray() ||
        isPrimitive() ||
        this == Void.TYPE) {
      return null;
    }

    return TypeAnnotationParser
        .buildAnnotatedSuperclass(getRawTypeAnnotations(), getConstantPool(), this);
  }

  /**
   * Returns an array of {@code AnnotatedType} objects that represent the use
   * of types to specify superinterfaces of the entity represented by this
   * {@code Class} object. (The <em>use</em> of type Foo to specify a
   * superinterface in '... implements Foo' is distinct from the
   * <em>declaration</em> of type Foo.)
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class, the return value is
   * an array containing objects representing the uses of interface types to
   * specify interfaces implemented by the class. The order of the objects in
   * the array corresponds to the order of the interface types used in the
   * 'implements' clause of the declaration of this {@code Class} object.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an interface, the return
   * value is an array containing objects representing the uses of interface
   * types to specify interfaces directly extended by the interface. The
   * order of the objects in the array corresponds to the order of the
   * interface types used in the 'extends' clause of the declaration of this
   * {@code Class} object.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class or interface whose
   * declaration does not explicitly indicate any annotated superinterfaces,
   * the return value is an array of length 0.
   *
   * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents either the {@code Object}
   * class, an array type, a primitive type, or void, the return value is an
   * array of length 0.
   *
   * @return an array representing the superinterfaces
   * @since 1.8
   */
  public AnnotatedType[] getAnnotatedInterfaces() {
    return TypeAnnotationParser
        .buildAnnotatedInterfaces(getRawTypeAnnotations(), getConstantPool(), this);
  }
}
